Unit 7 Quiz 6 Flashcards
1
Q
Neur/o , neur/i
A
Nervous system , nervous tissue , nerve
2
Q
Gli/o
A
Neuroglia
3
Q
Gangli/o , ganglion/o
A
Ganglion
4
Q
Mening/o, meaninge/o
A
Meninges
5
Q
Myel/o
A
Spinal cord (also bone marrow)
6
Q
Radicul/o
A
Spinal nerve root
7
Q
-phasia
A
Speech
8
Q
-Lalia
A
Speech , babble
9
Q
-Lexia
A
Reading
10
Q
-plegia
A
Paralysis
11
Q
-paresis
A
Partial paralysis ( could be used alone as a word)
12
Q
-lepsy
A
Seizure
13
Q
-phobia
A
Persistent irrational fear ( could be used as a world alone )
14
Q
-mania
A
Excited state , obsession ( could be word used alone )
15
Q
CN I
A
Olfactory - carries impulses for sense of smell
16
Q
CN II
A
Optic- Carrie’s impulses for sense of vision
17
Q
CN III
A
Oculomotor - controls movement of eye muscles
18
Q
CN IV
A
Trochlear - controls a muscles of the eyeball
19
Q
CN V
A
Trigeminal - sensory impulse from face; controls chewing
20
Q
CN VI
A
Abducens - controls a muscles of the eyeball
21
Q
CN VII
A
Facial - muscles of facial expression ; salivary glands; tear glands ; conducts some impulses for taste
22
Q
CN VIII
A
vestibulocochlear
(=auditory or acoustic)
Impulses for hearing and equilibrium
23
Q
CN IX
A
glossopharyngeal -stimulates parotid gland; partial swallowing control
sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx
24
Q
CN X
A
vagus - control of most organs of thorax and abdomen; controls
digestive secretions
25
CN XI
(spinal) accessory - controls muscles of the neck
26
CN XII
hypoglossal controls muscles of the tongue
27
Encephal/o
Brain
28
Cerebr/o
Cerebrum (loosely , brain)
29
Cortic/o
Cerebral cortex , outer portion
30
Cerebell/o
Cerebellum
31
Thalam/o
Thalamus
32
Ventricul/o
Cavity, ventricle
33
Medull/o
Medulla oblongata (also spinal cord )
34
Psych/o
Mind
35
Narc/o
Stupor, unconsciousness
36
Somn/o, somn/i
Sleep
37
Afferent
Carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and
nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS (root fer means “to
carry”)
38
Arachnoid matter
The middle layer of the meninges (from the Greek word for spider,
because this tissue resembles a spider web)
39
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary
activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands;
the visceral nervous system
40
Axon
The fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body
41
Brain
The nervous tissue contained within the cranium; consists of the
cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum (root:
encephal/o)
42
Brain stem
The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata
43
Central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and spinal chord
44
Cerebellum
The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla;
helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture
(cerebellum means “little brain”) (root: cerebell/o)
45
Cerebral cortex
The cerebrum's thin surface layer of gray matter (the cortex is the
outer region of an organ) (root: cortic/o)
46
Cerebrum
The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two
hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure (root: cerebr/o)
47
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal
cord as a protection
48
Cranial nerves
The 12 pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain
49
Dendrite
A fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body
50
Diencephalons
The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus,
and pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the
brainstem
51
Dura mater
The strong fibrous outermost layer of the meninges
52
Efferent
Carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and
nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS (again, root fer means
“to carry”)
53
Ganglion
A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS (plural: ganglia)
(root: gangli/o, ganglion/o)
54
Gray matter
Unmyelinated tissue of the nervous system
55
Gyrus
A raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum (plural: gyri)
56
Hypothalamus
The part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and maintains
homeostasis
57
Interneuron
Any neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron in a
neural pathway, such as the neurons that transmit impulses within
the CNS
58
Medulla oblongata
The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It has
vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood
pressure (root: medull/o). Often called simply medulla
59
Meninges
The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular:
meninx) (root: mening/o, meninge/o)
60
Midbrain
The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons;
contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing
61
Motor
Producing movement; describes neurons that carry impulses away
from the CNS
62
Myelin
A whitish, fatty substance that surrounds certain axons of the nervous
system
63
Neuroglia
The supportive cells of the nervous system; also called glial cells
(from glia meaning “glue;” root: gli/o)
64
Neuron
The basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell
65
Neurotransmitter
A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse. Examples are
norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin), acetylcholine (ah-se-til-KO-lene),
serotonin (ser-o-TO-nin), and dopamine (DO-pah-mene)
66
Nerve
A bundle of nerve cell fibers outside the CNS (root: neur/o)
67
Parasympathetic nervous system
The part of the automatic nervous system that reverses the response
to stress and restores homeostasis. It slows heart rate and
respiration rate and stimulates activity of the digestive, urinary, and
reproductive systems.
68
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The portion of the nervous system outside the CNS
69
Pia mater
The innermost layer of the meninges
70
Pons
A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains
fibers that connect regions of the brain; adjective: pontine (PON-
tene) from Latin, “pons” = bridge
71
Reflex
A simple, rapid, and automatic response to a stimulus
72
Root
A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord; the
dorsal (posterior) root joins the dorsal gray horn of the spinal cord;
the ventral (anterior) root joins the ventral gray horn of the spinal
cord (root: radicul/o)
73
Sensory
Describing neurons that carry impulses toward the CNS
74
Somatic nervous system
The division of the nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary)
muscles
75
Spinal cord
The nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from
the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra (root: myel/o)
76
Spinal nerves
The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord
77
Sulcus
A shallow furrow or groove, as on the surface of the cerebrum
(plural: sulci)
78
Sympathetic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes a response
to stress; increases heart rate and respiration rate and delivers more
blood to skeletal muscles
79
Synapse
The junction between two neurons; also the junction between a
motor neuron and a muscle or gland
80
Thalamus
The part of the brain that receives all sensory impulses, except
those for the sense of smell, and directs them to the proper portion
of the cerebral cortex
(root: thalam/o; from Greek =“inner chamber”)
81
Tract
A bundle of nerve cell fibers within the CNS
82
Ventricle
A small cavity, such as one of the cavities in the brain in which CSF is
produced
(root: ventricul/o = small cavity within an organ – literally “little
belly” in old Latin)
83
Visceral nervous system
The autonomic nervous system
84
White matter
Myelinated tissue of the nervous system
85
Blood brain barrier
A special membrane between circulating blood and the brain that
prevents certain damaging substances from reaching brain tissue
86
Broca area
An area in the left frontal lobe of the cerebrum that controls speech
production
87
Contra lateral
Affecting the opposite side of the body
88
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter very similar in chemical composition and
function to the hormone epinephrine; also called noradrenalin
89
Nucleus
A collection of nerve cells within the central nervous system
90
Plexus
A network, as of nerves or blood vessels
91
Pyramidal tracts
A group of motor tracts involved in fine coordination. Most of the
fibers in these tracts cross in the medulla to the opposite side of the
spinal cord and affect the opposite side of the body. Fibers not
included in the pyramidal tracts are described as extrapyramidal.
92
Schwann cells
Cells that produce the myelin sheath around peripheral axons
93
Wernicke area
An area in the temporal lobe concerned with speech comprehension
94
Alzheimer disease (AD)
A form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex;
presenile dementia
95
Amyloid
A starch-like substance of unknown composition that accumulates in
the brain in Alzheimer and other diseases
96
Aneurysm
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that results from
weakness of the vessel wall; an aneurysm may eventually burst
97
Aphasia
Specifically, loss or defect in speech communication (from Greek
phasis, meaning “speech”). In practice, the term is applied more
broadly to a range of language disorders, both spoken and written.
May affect ability to understand speech (receptive aphasia) or the
ability to produce speech (expressive aphasia). Both forms are
combined in global aphasia
98
Astrocytoma
A neurological tumor composed of astrocytes
99
Cerebral contusion
A bruise to the surface of the brain following a blow to the head
100
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral
blood flow; possible causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a
ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke
101
Coma
State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused
102
Confusion
A state of reduced comprehension, coherence, and reasoning ability
resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli
103
Contrecoup injury
Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a
result of the brain's hitting the skull
(from French, “contra”= “counter” and “coup” = “blow”)
104
Convulsion
A series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions. A tonic
convulsion involves prolonged contraction of the muscles; in a
clonic convulsion there is alternation of contraction and relaxation.
Both forms appear in grand mal epilepsy
105
Dementia
A gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function
106
Embolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other material
carried in the circulation
107
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
108
Epidural hematoma
Accumulation of blood in the epidural space (between the dura
mater and the skull)
109
Epilepsy
A chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric
activity from the brain, resulting in seizures
From Greek and Latin words for “seizure”)
110
Glioma
A tumor of Neuroglia cells
111
Hemiparesis
Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body
112
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body
113
Hydrocephalus
Increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain as a result of
obstruction to flow. May be caused by tumor, inflammation,
hemorrhage, or congenital abnormality
114
Insomnia
Insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite ample opportunity to
sleep
115
Meningioma
Tumor of the meninges
116
Multiinfarct dementia (MID)
Dementia caused by chronic cerebral ischemia (lack of blood supply
to the tissues) as a result of multiple small strokes. There is
progressive loss of cognitive function, memory, and judgment as well
as altered motor and sensory function
117
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
A chronic , progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS
118
Narcolepsy
Brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day
119
Neurilemoma
A tumor of the sheath (neurilemma) of a peripheral nerve;
schwannoma
120
Paralysis
Temporary or permanent loss of function. Flaccid paralysis involves
loss of muscle tone and reflexes and degeneration of muscles.
Spastic paralysis involves excess muscle tone and reflexes but no
degeneration
121
Parkinsonism
A disorder originating in the basal ganglia and characterized by
slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face. Also called
Parkinson disease
122
Seizure
A sudden attack, as seen in epilepsy. The most common forms of
seizure are tonic–clonic, or grand mal (gran mal) (from French,
meaning “great illness”); absence seizure, or petit mal (pet-E
mal), meaning “small illness;” and psychomotor seizure
123
Shingles
An acute viral infection that follows nerve pathways causing small
lesions on the skin. Caused by reactivation of the virus that also
causes chickenpox (varicella–zoster virus). Also called herpes
zoster (HER-peze ZOS-ter)
124
Sleep apnea
Brief periods of breathing cessation during sleep
125
Stroke
Sudden interference with blood flow in one or more cerebral vessels
leading to oxygen deprivation and necrosis of brain tissue; caused by
a blood clot in a vessel (ischemic stroke) or rupture of a vessel
(hemorrhagic stroke). Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
126
Subdural hematoma
Accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater
127
Thrombosis
Development of a blood clot within a vessel
128
Tremor
A shaking or involuntary movement
129
Carotid endarterectomy
Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large
artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain
130
Cerebral angiography
Radiographic study of the blood vessels of the brain after
injection of a contrast medium
131
Electroencephalography
Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the brain’s
electric activity
132
L-dopa
A drug used in the treatment of parkinsonism; levodopa
133
Lumbar puncture
Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the
spinal cord to remove spinal fluid for diagnosis or to inject
anesthesia; spinal tap
134
Polysomnography
Simultaneous monitoring of a variety of physiologic functions
during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders
135
Anxiety
A feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread
136
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by
attention problems, easy boredom, impulsive behavior, and
hyperactivity
137
Autism
A disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, lack of
response to social contact and affection, preoccupations,
stereotyped behavior, and resistance to change (from auto-, “self”
and -ism, “condition of”)
138
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A disability that falls within a range of neurodevelopmental
impairments that appears early in life and affects social
interactions and communications skills
139
Bipolar disorder
A form of depression with episodes of mania (a state of elation);
manic depressive illness
140
Delusion
A false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience
141
Depression
A mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness,
emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities
142
Dysthymia
A mild form of depression that usually develops in response to a
serious life event (from dys- and Greek thymos, meaning “mind,
emotion”)
143
Hallucination
A false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli
144
Mania
A state of elation, which may include agitation, hyperexcitability, or
hyperactivity (adjective: manic
145
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (ODC)
A condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images,
and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety
146
Panic disorder
A form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear
147
Paranoia
A mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or
perceptions of threat or harm
148
Phobia
An extreme, persistent fear of a specific object or situation
149
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-
threatening, catastrophic events, such as trauma, abuse, natural
disasters, and warfare
150
Psychosis
A mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of
reality with delusions and hallucinations
151
Schizophrenia
A poorly understood group of severe mental disorders with features of
psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre
behavior (schizo means “split” and phren means “mind”)
152
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
A disorder marked by muscular weakness, spasticity, and exaggerated
reflexes caused by degeneration of motor neurons; Lou Gehrig
disease
153
Amnesia
Loss of memory
154
Ataxia
Inability to move with purpose or to use objects properly
155
Catatonia
A phase of schizophrenia in which the patient is unresponsive; there
is a tendency to remain in a fixed position without moving or talking
156
Cerebral palsy
A nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder usually caused by damage to
the CNS near the time of birth. May include spasticity, involuntary
movements, or ataxia
157
Claustrophobia
Fear of being shut in or enclosed (from Latin claudere, “to shut”)
158
Compulsion
A repetitive, stereotyped act performed to relieve tension
159
Creutzfeldt–Jakob
disease (CJD)
A slow-growing degenerative brain disease caused by a prion (PRI-
on), an infectious protein. Related to bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE, “mad cow disease”) in cattle
160
Delirium
A sudden and temporary state of confusion marked by excitement,
physical restlessness, and incoherence
161
Euphoria
An exaggerated feeling of well-being; elation
162
Glioblastoma
A malignant astrocytoma
163
Huntington disease
Jerking, twitching movements of one side of the body
164
Hypochondriasis
Abnormal anxiety about ones health
165
Ictus
A blow or sudden attack, such as an epileptic seizure
166
Lethargy
A state of sluggishness or stupor
167
Migraine
Chronic intense, throbbing headache that may result from vascular
changes in cerebral arteries. Possible causes include genetic factors,
stress, trauma, and hormonal fluctuations. Headache might be
signaled by visual disturbances, nausea, photophobia, and tingling
sensations
168
Neurofibromatosis
A condition involving multiple tumors of peripheral nerves
169
Neurosis
An emotional disorder caused by unresolved conflicts, with anxiety as
a main characteristic
170
Paraplegia
Paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body
171
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four limbs; tetraplegia
172
Reye syndrome
A rare acute encephalopathy occurring in children after viral
infections. The liver, kidney, and heart may be involved. Linked to
administration of aspirin during a viral illness
173
sciatica
Neuritis characterized by severe pain along the sciatic nerve and its
branches
174
somatoform
disorders
Conditions associated with symptoms of physical disease, such as
pain, hypertension, or chronic fatigue, with no physical basis
175
somnambulism
Walking or performing other motor functions while asleep and out of
bed; sleepwalking
176
stupor
A state of unconsciousness or lethargy with loss of responsiveness
177
transient ischemic
attack
A sudden, brief, and temporary cerebral dysfunction usually caused
by interruption of blood flow to the brain
178
Wallerian
degeneration
Degeneration of a nerve distal to an injury
179
whiplash
Cervical injury caused by rapid acceleration and deceleration
resulting in damage to muscles, ligaments, disks, and nerves
180
Babinski reflex
A spreading of the outer toes and extension of the big toe over the
others when the sole of the foot is stroked. This response is normal in
infants but indicates a lesion of specific motor tracts in adults
181
Glasgow coma
scale
A system for assessing level of consciousness by assigning a score to
each of three responses: eye opening, motor responses, and verbal
responses
182
positron emission
tomography (PET)
Use of radioactive glucose or other metabolically active substances to
produce images of biochemical activity in tissues. Used for study of
the living brain, both healthy and diseased, and also in cardiology
183
antianxiety agent
Relieves anxiety by means of a calming, sedative effect on the
CNS; for example, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), diazepam
(Valium), alprazolam (Xanax); anxiolytic
184
antidepressants (other
than those listed in
separate categories
below)
Block the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as serotonin,
norepinephrine, dopamine, alone or in combination; for
example, bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban), mirtazapine
(Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), venlafaxine (Effexor XR),
atomoxetine (Strattera)
185
Neuroleptics
Drugs used to treat psychosis, including schizophrenia; for
example, clozapine (Clozaril), haloperidol (Haldol), risperidone
(Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa); antipsychotic. Action
mechanism unknown, but may interfere with neurotransmitters
186
Stimulant
Promote activity and a sense of well-being; for example,
methylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine),
amphetamine + dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
187
AcH
Acetylcholine
188
AD
Alzheimer disease
189
ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
190
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
191
CJD
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
192
CNS
Central nervous system
193
CP
Cerebral palsy
194
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
195
CVA
Cerebrovascular accident
196
CVD
Cerebrovascular disease
197
EEG
Electroencephalogram
198
LP
Lumbar puncture
199
MID
Multi infract dementia
200
MS
Multiple sclerosis
201
NREM
Non-rapid eye movement
202
OCD
Obsessive compulsive disorder
203
PET
Positron emission tomography
204
PNS
Peripheral nervous system
205
PTSD
Post traumatic stress disorder
206
REM
Rapid eye movement
207
TIA
Transient ischemic attack
