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Med Term Biol120 - Domincan University > Unit 7 Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Neur/o , neur/i

A

Nervous system , nervous tissue , nerve

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2
Q

Gli/o

A

Neuroglia

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3
Q

Gangli/o , ganglion/o

A

Ganglion

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4
Q

Mening/o, meaninge/o

A

Meninges

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5
Q

Myel/o

A

Spinal cord (also bone marrow)

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6
Q

Radicul/o

A

Spinal nerve root

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7
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

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8
Q

-Lalia

A

Speech , babble

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9
Q

-Lexia

A

Reading

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10
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis

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11
Q

-paresis

A

Partial paralysis ( could be used alone as a word)

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12
Q

-lepsy

A

Seizure

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13
Q

-phobia

A

Persistent irrational fear ( could be used as a world alone )

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14
Q

-mania

A

Excited state , obsession ( could be word used alone )

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15
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory - carries impulses for sense of smell

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16
Q

CN II

A

Optic- Carrie’s impulses for sense of vision

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17
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor - controls movement of eye muscles

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18
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear - controls a muscles of the eyeball

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19
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal - sensory impulse from face; controls chewing

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20
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens - controls a muscles of the eyeball

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21
Q

CN VII

A

Facial - muscles of facial expression ; salivary glands; tear glands ; conducts some impulses for taste

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22
Q

CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear
(=auditory or acoustic)
Impulses for hearing and equilibrium

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23
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal -stimulates parotid gland; partial swallowing control
sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx

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24
Q

CN X

A

vagus - control of most organs of thorax and abdomen; controls
digestive secretions

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25
Q

CN XI

A

(spinal) accessory - controls muscles of the neck

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26
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal controls muscles of the tongue

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27
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

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28
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum (loosely , brain)

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29
Q

Cortic/o

A

Cerebral cortex , outer portion

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30
Q

Cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum

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31
Q

Thalam/o

A

Thalamus

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32
Q

Ventricul/o

A

Cavity, ventricle

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33
Q

Medull/o

A

Medulla oblongata (also spinal cord )

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34
Q

Psych/o

A

Mind

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35
Q

Narc/o

A

Stupor, unconsciousness

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36
Q

Somn/o, somn/i

A

Sleep

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37
Q

Afferent

A

Carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and
nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS (root fer means “to
carry”)

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38
Q

Arachnoid matter

A

The middle layer of the meninges (from the Greek word for spider,
because this tissue resembles a spider web)

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39
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

The division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary
activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands;
the visceral nervous system

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40
Q

Axon

A

The fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body

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41
Q

Brain

A

The nervous tissue contained within the cranium; consists of the
cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum (root:
encephal/o)

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42
Q

Brain stem

A

The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata

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43
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal chord

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44
Q

Cerebellum

A

The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla;
helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture
(cerebellum means “little brain”) (root: cerebell/o)

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45
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The cerebrum’s thin surface layer of gray matter (the cortex is the
outer region of an organ) (root: cortic/o)

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46
Q

Cerebrum

A

The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two
hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure (root: cerebr/o)

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47
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal
cord as a protection

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48
Q

Cranial nerves

A

The 12 pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain

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49
Q

Dendrite

A

A fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body

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50
Q

Diencephalons

A

The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus,
and pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the
brainstem

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51
Q

Dura mater

A

The strong fibrous outermost layer of the meninges

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52
Q

Efferent

A

Carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and
nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS (again, root fer means
“to carry”)

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53
Q

Ganglion

A

A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS (plural: ganglia)
(root: gangli/o, ganglion/o)

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54
Q

Gray matter

A

Unmyelinated tissue of the nervous system

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55
Q

Gyrus

A

A raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum (plural: gyri)

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56
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and maintains
homeostasis

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57
Q

Interneuron

A

Any neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron in a
neural pathway, such as the neurons that transmit impulses within
the CNS

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58
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It has
vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood
pressure (root: medull/o). Often called simply medulla

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59
Q

Meninges

A

The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular:
meninx) (root: mening/o, meninge/o)

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60
Q

Midbrain

A

The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons;
contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing

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61
Q

Motor

A

Producing movement; describes neurons that carry impulses away
from the CNS

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62
Q

Myelin

A

A whitish, fatty substance that surrounds certain axons of the nervous
system

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63
Q

Neuroglia

A

The supportive cells of the nervous system; also called glial cells
(from glia meaning “glue;” root: gli/o)

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64
Q

Neuron

A

The basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell

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65
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse. Examples are
norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin), acetylcholine (ah-se-til-KO-lene),
serotonin (ser-o-TO-nin), and dopamine (DO-pah-mene)

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66
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of nerve cell fibers outside the CNS (root: neur/o)

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67
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the automatic nervous system that reverses the response
to stress and restores homeostasis. It slows heart rate and
respiration rate and stimulates activity of the digestive, urinary, and
reproductive systems.

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68
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system outside the CNS

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69
Q

Pia mater

A

The innermost layer of the meninges

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70
Q

Pons

A

A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains
fibers that connect regions of the brain; adjective: pontine (PON-
tene) from Latin, “pons” = bridge

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71
Q

Reflex

A

A simple, rapid, and automatic response to a stimulus

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72
Q

Root

A

A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord; the
dorsal (posterior) root joins the dorsal gray horn of the spinal cord;
the ventral (anterior) root joins the ventral gray horn of the spinal
cord (root: radicul/o)

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73
Q

Sensory

A

Describing neurons that carry impulses toward the CNS

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74
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The division of the nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary)
muscles

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75
Q

Spinal cord

A

The nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from
the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra (root: myel/o)

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76
Q

Spinal nerves

A

The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord

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77
Q

Sulcus

A

A shallow furrow or groove, as on the surface of the cerebrum
(plural: sulci)

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78
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes a response
to stress; increases heart rate and respiration rate and delivers more
blood to skeletal muscles

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79
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between two neurons; also the junction between a
motor neuron and a muscle or gland

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80
Q

Thalamus

A

The part of the brain that receives all sensory impulses, except
those for the sense of smell, and directs them to the proper portion
of the cerebral cortex
(root: thalam/o; from Greek =“inner chamber”)

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81
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of nerve cell fibers within the CNS

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82
Q

Ventricle

A

A small cavity, such as one of the cavities in the brain in which CSF is
produced
(root: ventricul/o = small cavity within an organ – literally “little
belly” in old Latin)

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83
Q

Visceral nervous system

A

The autonomic nervous system

84
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated tissue of the nervous system

85
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

A special membrane between circulating blood and the brain that
prevents certain damaging substances from reaching brain tissue

86
Q

Broca area

A

An area in the left frontal lobe of the cerebrum that controls speech
production

87
Q

Contra lateral

A

Affecting the opposite side of the body

88
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter very similar in chemical composition and
function to the hormone epinephrine; also called noradrenalin

89
Q

Nucleus

A

A collection of nerve cells within the central nervous system

90
Q

Plexus

A

A network, as of nerves or blood vessels

91
Q

Pyramidal tracts

A

A group of motor tracts involved in fine coordination. Most of the
fibers in these tracts cross in the medulla to the opposite side of the
spinal cord and affect the opposite side of the body. Fibers not
included in the pyramidal tracts are described as extrapyramidal.

92
Q

Schwann cells

A

Cells that produce the myelin sheath around peripheral axons

93
Q

Wernicke area

A

An area in the temporal lobe concerned with speech comprehension

94
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

A form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex;
presenile dementia

95
Q

Amyloid

A

A starch-like substance of unknown composition that accumulates in
the brain in Alzheimer and other diseases

96
Q

Aneurysm

A

A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that results from
weakness of the vessel wall; an aneurysm may eventually burst

97
Q

Aphasia

A

Specifically, loss or defect in speech communication (from Greek
phasis, meaning “speech”). In practice, the term is applied more
broadly to a range of language disorders, both spoken and written.
May affect ability to understand speech (receptive aphasia) or the
ability to produce speech (expressive aphasia). Both forms are
combined in global aphasia

98
Q

Astrocytoma

A

A neurological tumor composed of astrocytes

99
Q

Cerebral contusion

A

A bruise to the surface of the brain following a blow to the head

100
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral
blood flow; possible causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a
ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke

101
Q

Coma

A

State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused

102
Q

Confusion

A

A state of reduced comprehension, coherence, and reasoning ability
resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli

103
Q

Contrecoup injury

A

Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a
result of the brain’s hitting the skull
(from French, “contra”= “counter” and “coup” = “blow”)

104
Q

Convulsion

A

A series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions. A tonic
convulsion involves prolonged contraction of the muscles; in a
clonic convulsion there is alternation of contraction and relaxation.
Both forms appear in grand mal epilepsy

105
Q

Dementia

A

A gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function

106
Q

Embolism

A

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other material
carried in the circulation

107
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

108
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Accumulation of blood in the epidural space (between the dura
mater and the skull)

109
Q

Epilepsy

A

A chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric
activity from the brain, resulting in seizures
From Greek and Latin words for “seizure”)

110
Q

Glioma

A

A tumor of Neuroglia cells

111
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body

112
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of one side of the body

113
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain as a result of
obstruction to flow. May be caused by tumor, inflammation,
hemorrhage, or congenital abnormality

114
Q

Insomnia

A

Insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite ample opportunity to
sleep

115
Q

Meningioma

A

Tumor of the meninges

116
Q

Multiinfarct dementia (MID)

A

Dementia caused by chronic cerebral ischemia (lack of blood supply
to the tissues) as a result of multiple small strokes. There is
progressive loss of cognitive function, memory, and judgment as well
as altered motor and sensory function

117
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

A chronic , progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS

118
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day

119
Q

Neurilemoma

A

A tumor of the sheath (neurilemma) of a peripheral nerve;
schwannoma

120
Q

Paralysis

A

Temporary or permanent loss of function. Flaccid paralysis involves
loss of muscle tone and reflexes and degeneration of muscles.
Spastic paralysis involves excess muscle tone and reflexes but no
degeneration

121
Q

Parkinsonism

A

A disorder originating in the basal ganglia and characterized by
slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face. Also called
Parkinson disease

122
Q

Seizure

A

A sudden attack, as seen in epilepsy. The most common forms of
seizure are tonic–clonic, or grand mal (gran mal) (from French,
meaning “great illness”); absence seizure, or petit mal (pet-E
mal), meaning “small illness;” and psychomotor seizure

123
Q

Shingles

A

An acute viral infection that follows nerve pathways causing small
lesions on the skin. Caused by reactivation of the virus that also
causes chickenpox (varicella–zoster virus). Also called herpes
zoster (HER-peze ZOS-ter)

124
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Brief periods of breathing cessation during sleep

125
Q

Stroke

A

Sudden interference with blood flow in one or more cerebral vessels
leading to oxygen deprivation and necrosis of brain tissue; caused by
a blood clot in a vessel (ischemic stroke) or rupture of a vessel
(hemorrhagic stroke). Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

126
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater

127
Q

Thrombosis

A

Development of a blood clot within a vessel

128
Q

Tremor

A

A shaking or involuntary movement

129
Q

Carotid endarterectomy

A

Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large
artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain

130
Q

Cerebral angiography

A

Radiographic study of the blood vessels of the brain after
injection of a contrast medium

131
Q

Electroencephalography

A

Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the brain’s
electric activity

132
Q

L-dopa

A

A drug used in the treatment of parkinsonism; levodopa

133
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the
spinal cord to remove spinal fluid for diagnosis or to inject
anesthesia; spinal tap

134
Q

Polysomnography

A

Simultaneous monitoring of a variety of physiologic functions
during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders

135
Q

Anxiety

A

A feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread

136
Q

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

A condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by
attention problems, easy boredom, impulsive behavior, and
hyperactivity

137
Q

Autism

A

A disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, lack of
response to social contact and affection, preoccupations,
stereotyped behavior, and resistance to change (from auto-, “self”
and -ism, “condition of”)

138
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

A disability that falls within a range of neurodevelopmental
impairments that appears early in life and affects social
interactions and communications skills

139
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

A form of depression with episodes of mania (a state of elation);
manic depressive illness

140
Q

Delusion

A

A false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience

141
Q

Depression

A

A mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness,
emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities

142
Q

Dysthymia

A

A mild form of depression that usually develops in response to a
serious life event (from dys- and Greek thymos, meaning “mind,
emotion”)

143
Q

Hallucination

A

A false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli

144
Q

Mania

A

A state of elation, which may include agitation, hyperexcitability, or
hyperactivity (adjective: manic

145
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (ODC)

A

A condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images,
and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety

146
Q

Panic disorder

A

A form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear

147
Q

Paranoia

A

A mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or
perceptions of threat or harm

148
Q

Phobia

A

An extreme, persistent fear of a specific object or situation

149
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-
threatening, catastrophic events, such as trauma, abuse, natural
disasters, and warfare

150
Q

Psychosis

A

A mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of
reality with delusions and hallucinations

151
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A poorly understood group of severe mental disorders with features of
psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre
behavior (schizo means “split” and phren means “mind”)

152
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

A disorder marked by muscular weakness, spasticity, and exaggerated
reflexes caused by degeneration of motor neurons; Lou Gehrig
disease

153
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

154
Q

Ataxia

A

Inability to move with purpose or to use objects properly

155
Q

Catatonia

A

A phase of schizophrenia in which the patient is unresponsive; there
is a tendency to remain in a fixed position without moving or talking

156
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

A nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder usually caused by damage to
the CNS near the time of birth. May include spasticity, involuntary
movements, or ataxia

157
Q

Claustrophobia

A

Fear of being shut in or enclosed (from Latin claudere, “to shut”)

158
Q

Compulsion

A

A repetitive, stereotyped act performed to relieve tension

159
Q

Creutzfeldt–Jakob
disease (CJD)

A

A slow-growing degenerative brain disease caused by a prion (PRI-
on), an infectious protein. Related to bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE, “mad cow disease”) in cattle

160
Q

Delirium

A

A sudden and temporary state of confusion marked by excitement,
physical restlessness, and incoherence

161
Q

Euphoria

A

An exaggerated feeling of well-being; elation

162
Q

Glioblastoma

A

A malignant astrocytoma

163
Q

Huntington disease

A

Jerking, twitching movements of one side of the body

164
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

Abnormal anxiety about ones health

165
Q

Ictus

A

A blow or sudden attack, such as an epileptic seizure

166
Q

Lethargy

A

A state of sluggishness or stupor

167
Q

Migraine

A

Chronic intense, throbbing headache that may result from vascular
changes in cerebral arteries. Possible causes include genetic factors,
stress, trauma, and hormonal fluctuations. Headache might be
signaled by visual disturbances, nausea, photophobia, and tingling
sensations

168
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

A condition involving multiple tumors of peripheral nerves

169
Q

Neurosis

A

An emotional disorder caused by unresolved conflicts, with anxiety as
a main characteristic

170
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body

171
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four limbs; tetraplegia

172
Q

Reye syndrome

A

A rare acute encephalopathy occurring in children after viral
infections. The liver, kidney, and heart may be involved. Linked to
administration of aspirin during a viral illness

173
Q

sciatica

A

Neuritis characterized by severe pain along the sciatic nerve and its
branches

174
Q

somatoform
disorders

A

Conditions associated with symptoms of physical disease, such as
pain, hypertension, or chronic fatigue, with no physical basis

175
Q

somnambulism

A

Walking or performing other motor functions while asleep and out of
bed; sleepwalking

176
Q

stupor

A

A state of unconsciousness or lethargy with loss of responsiveness

177
Q

transient ischemic
attack

A

A sudden, brief, and temporary cerebral dysfunction usually caused
by interruption of blood flow to the brain

178
Q

Wallerian
degeneration

A

Degeneration of a nerve distal to an injury

179
Q

whiplash

A

Cervical injury caused by rapid acceleration and deceleration
resulting in damage to muscles, ligaments, disks, and nerves

180
Q

Babinski reflex

A

A spreading of the outer toes and extension of the big toe over the
others when the sole of the foot is stroked. This response is normal in
infants but indicates a lesion of specific motor tracts in adults

181
Q

Glasgow coma
scale

A

A system for assessing level of consciousness by assigning a score to
each of three responses: eye opening, motor responses, and verbal
responses

182
Q

positron emission
tomography (PET)

A

Use of radioactive glucose or other metabolically active substances to
produce images of biochemical activity in tissues. Used for study of
the living brain, both healthy and diseased, and also in cardiology

183
Q

antianxiety agent

A

Relieves anxiety by means of a calming, sedative effect on the
CNS; for example, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), diazepam
(Valium), alprazolam (Xanax); anxiolytic

184
Q

antidepressants (other
than those listed in
separate categories
below)

A

Block the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as serotonin,
norepinephrine, dopamine, alone or in combination; for
example, bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban), mirtazapine
(Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), venlafaxine (Effexor XR),
atomoxetine (Strattera)

185
Q

Neuroleptics

A

Drugs used to treat psychosis, including schizophrenia; for
example, clozapine (Clozaril), haloperidol (Haldol), risperidone
(Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa); antipsychotic. Action
mechanism unknown, but may interfere with neurotransmitters

186
Q

Stimulant

A

Promote activity and a sense of well-being; for example,
methylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine),
amphetamine + dextroamphetamine (Adderall)

187
Q

AcH

A

Acetylcholine

188
Q

AD

A

Alzheimer disease

189
Q

ADHD

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

190
Q

ALS

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

191
Q

CJD

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

192
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

193
Q

CP

A

Cerebral palsy

194
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

195
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular accident

196
Q

CVD

A

Cerebrovascular disease

197
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

198
Q

LP

A

Lumbar puncture

199
Q

MID

A

Multi infract dementia

200
Q

MS

A

Multiple sclerosis

201
Q

NREM

A

Non-rapid eye movement

202
Q

OCD

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder

203
Q

PET

A

Positron emission tomography

204
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

205
Q

PTSD

A

Post traumatic stress disorder

206
Q

REM

A

Rapid eye movement

207
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack

Med Term Biol120 - Domincan University (13 decks)

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