Unit 12 Quiz 11 Flashcards
1
Q
bucc/o
A
Cheek
2
Q
Dent/o , dent/i
A
Tooth, teeth
3
Q
Odont/o
A
Tooth , teeth
4
Q
Gingiv/o
A
Gum(gingiva)
5
Q
Gloss/o
A
Tongue
6
Q
Lingu/o
A
Tongue
7
Q
Gnath/o
A
Jaw
8
Q
Labi/o
A
Lip
9
Q
Or/o
A
Mouth
10
Q
Stoma, stomat/o
A
Mouth
11
Q
Palat/o
A
Palate
12
Q
Sial/o
A
Saliva , salivary gland , salivary duct
13
Q
Uvul/o
A
Uvula
14
Q
Esophag/o
A
Esophagus
15
Q
Gastr/o
A
Stomach
16
Q
Pylor/o
A
Pylorus
17
Q
Enter/o
A
Intestine
18
Q
Duoden/o
A
Duodenum
19
Q
Jejun/o
A
Jenjunum
20
Q
Ile/o
A
Ileum
21
Q
Cec/o
A
Cecum
22
Q
Col/o , colon/o
A
Colon
23
Q
Sigmoid/o
A
Sigmoid colon
24
Q
React/o
A
Rectum
25
Proct/o
Rectum
26
An/o
Anus
27
Hepat/o
Liver
28
Bill
Bile
29
Chol/e , chol/o
Bile , gall
30
Cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
31
Cholangi/o
Bile duct
32
Choledoch/o
Common bile duct
33
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
34
Anus
The distal opening of the digestive tract
35
Appendix
An appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic
tissue attached to the cecum, the vermiform (worm-like)
appendix
36
Bile
The fluid secreted by the liver that emulsifies fats and aids in
their absorption
37
Cecum
A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine
38
Colon
The major portion of the large intestine; extends from the
cecum to the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse,
and descending portions
39
Common bile duct
The duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the
union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
40
Duodenum
The first portion of the small intestine
41
Enzyme
An organic catalyst speeds the rate of chemical reactions
42
Esophagus
The muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to
the stomach
43
Feces
The waste material eliminated from the intestine stool
44
Gallbladder a sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile
45
Hepatic portal system
A special pathway of the circulation that brings blood
directly from the abdominal organs to the liver for
processing (also called simply the portal system). The
vessel that enters the liver is the hepatic portal vein
46
Ileum
The terminal portion of the small intestine
47
Intestine
The portion of the digestive tract between the stomach
and the anus. It consists of the small intestine and large
intestine. It functions in digestion, absorption, and
elimination of waste
48
Jejunum
The middle portion of the small intestine
49
Lacteal
A lymphatic capillary in a villus of the small intestine.
Lacteals absorb digested fats into the lymph
50
Large intestine
The terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of
the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. It stores and
eliminates undigested waste material (feces
51
Liver
The large gland in the upper right part of the abdomen.
In addition to many other functions, it secretes bile
needed for digestion and absorption of fats
52
Lower esophageal sphincter LES
Muscle tissue at the distal end of the esophagus
(gastroesophageal junction) that prevents stomach
contents from refluxing into the esophagus. Also called
the cardiac sphincter
53
Mastication
Chewing
54
Mouth
The oral cavity; contains the tongue and teeth. Used to
take in and chew food, mix it with saliva, and move it
toward the throat to be swallowed
55
Palate
The roof of the mouth; the partition between the mouth and
nasal cavity; consists of an anterior portion formed by bone,
the hard palate, and a posterior portion formed of tissue, the
soft palate
56
Pancreas
A large, elongated gland behind the stomach. It produces
hormones that regulate sugar metabolism and also produces
digestive enzymes
57
Peristalsis
Wave-like contractions of an organ's walls; moves material
through an organ or duct
58
Peritoneum
The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and
supports the abdominal organs
59
Pharynx
The throat; a common passageway for food entering the
esophagus and air entering the larynx
60
Pylorus
The stomach's distal opening into the duodenum. The opening
is controlled by a ring of muscle, the pyloric sphincter
61
Rectum
The distal portion of the large intestine. It stores and
eliminates undigested waste
62
Saliva
The clear secretion released into the mouth that moistens food
and contains a starch-digesting enzyme (root: sial/o). Saliva is
produced by three pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular,
and sublingual glands
63
Sigmoid colon
Distal S-shaped portion of the large intestine located between
the descending colon and the rectum
64
Small intestine
The portion of the intestine between the stomach and the large
intestine; comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Accessory organs secrete into the small intestine, and almost all
digestion and absorption occur there
65
Stomach
A muscular sac-like organ below the diaphragm that stores food
and secretes juices that digest proteins
66
Uvula
The fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate; aids in speech
production
67
Villi
Tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that absorb
digested foods into the circulation
68
Bolus
A mass, such as the rounded mass of food that is
swallowed
69
Cardia
The part of the stomach near the esophagus, named
for its closeness to the heart
70
Chyme
The semiliquid partially digested food that moves from
the stomach into the small intestine
71
Defecation
The evacuation of feces from the rectum
72
Deglutition
Swallowing
73
Duodenal bulb
The part of the duodenum near the pylorus the first bend of the duodenum
74
Duodenal papilla
The raised area where the common bile duct and
pancreatic duct enter the duodenum; papilla of Vater
75
Greater omentum
A fold of the peritoneum that extends from the
stomach over the abdominal organs
76
Hepatic flexure
The right bend of the colon, forming the junction
between the ascending colon and the transverse colon
77
Ileocecal valve
A valve-like structure between the ileum of the small
intestine and the cecum of the large intestine
78
Mesentery
The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and
supports the intestine
79
Mesocolon
The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and
supports the colon
80
Papilla of vaster
See duodenal papilla
81
Rugae
The large folds in the lining of the stomach seen when
the stomach is empty
82
Sphincter of oddi
The ring of muscle at the opening of the common bile
duct into the duodenum
83
Splenic flexure
The left bend of the colon, forming the junction
between the transverse colon and the descending
colon
84
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
85
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of
edema. May be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or
venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in plasma
composition
86
Barrett syndrome
Lower esophageal ulcer resulting from chronic esophagitis,
often with constriction caused by mucosal changes; may be
premalignant. Also called Barrett esophagus
87
Biliary colic
Acute abdominal pain caused by gallstones in the bile ducts
88
Bilirubin
A pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from
red blood cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile
89
Caries
Tooth decay
90
Celiac disease
Inability to absorb foods containing gluten, a protein found
in wheat and some other grains; caused by an excess
immune response to gluten
91
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
92
Cholelithiasis
The condition of having stones in the gallbladder; also
used to refer to stones in the common bile duct
93
Cirrhosis
Chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue
94
Crohn disease
A chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal
tract usually involving the ileum and colon
95
Diarrhea
The frequent passage of watery vowel movements
96
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the wall
of the digestive tract, especially in the colon
97
Diverticulosis
The presence of diverticula , especially in the colon
98
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
99
Emesis
Vomiting
100
Fistula
An abnormal passageway between two organs or from
an organ to the body surface, such as between the
rectum and anus (anorectal fistula)
101
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestine
102
Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD
Condition caused by reflux of gastric juices into the
esophagus resulting in heartburn, regurgitation,
inflammation, and possible damage to the
esophagus; caused by weakness of the lower
esophageal sphincter (LES
103
Heartburn
A warm or burning sensation felt behind the
sternum and radiating upward. Commonly
associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Medical
name is pyrosis
104
Hemorrhoids
Varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain,
bleeding, and sometimes prolapse of the rectum
105
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a
viral infection
106
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver
107
Hiatal hernia
A protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus)
in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
108
Icterus
Jaundice
109
Ileus
Intestinal obstruction. May be caused by lack of peristalsis
(adynamic, paralytic ileus) or by contraction (dynamic
ileus). Intestinal matter and gas may be relieved by
insertion of a drainage tube
110
Intussusception
Slipping of one part of the intestine into another part
below it. Occurs mainly in male infants in the ileocecal
region). May be fatal if untreated for more than one day
111
Jaundice
A yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and
whites of the eye caused by bile pigments in the blood
(from French jaune meaning “yellow”). The main pigment
is bilirubin, a byproduct of erythrocyte destruction
112
Leukoplakia
White patches on mucous membranes, as on the tongue or
cheeks, often resulting from smoking or other irritants;
may be precancerous
113
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often
precedes vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset,
motion sickness, and sometimes early pregnancy
114
Occult blood
Blood present in such small amounts that it can be
detected only microscopically or chemically; in the feces,
a sign of intestinal bleeding
115
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
116
Peptic ulcer
A lesion in the mucous membrane of the esophagus,
stomach, or duodenum caused by the action of gastric
juice
117
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines
the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs.
May result from perforation of an ulcer, rupture of the
appendix, or infection of the reproductive tract, among
other causes.
118
Polyp
A tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily
119
Portal hypertension
An abnormal pressure increase in the hepatic portal
system. May be caused by cirrhosis, infection,
thrombosis, or tumors
120
Pyloric stenosis
Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the
duodenum; pylorostenosis
121
Regurgitation
A backward flowing, such as the backflow of undigested
food
122
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
123
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic ulceration of the rectum and colon; the cause is
unknown, but may involve autoimmunity
124
Volvulus
Twisting of the intestine resulting in obstruction. Usually
involves the sigmoid colon and occurs most often in
children and in the elderly. May be caused by congenital
malformation, a foreign body, or adhesion. Failure to
treat immediately may result in death
125
Anastomosis
A passage or communication between two vessels or
organs. May be normal or pathologic, or may be created
surgically
126
Barium study
Use of barium sulfate as a liquid contrast medium for
fluoroscopic or radiographic study of the digestive tract.
Can show obstruction, tumors, ulcers, hiatal hernia, and
motility disorders, among other things
127
Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder
128
Dukes classification
A system for staging colorectal cancer based on degree of
penetration of the bowel wall and lymph node
involvement; severity is graded from A to C
129
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancre autographs ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; a
technique for viewing the pancreatic and bile ducts and
for performing certain techniques to relieve obstructions.
Contrast medium is injected into the biliary system from
the duodenum and radiographs are taken
130
Endoscopy
Use of a fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual
examination. GI studies include
esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy
(rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of
the colon)
131
Ostomy
An opening into the body; generally refers to an opening
created for elimination of body waste. Also refers to the
operation done to create such an opening
132
Stoma
A surgically created opening to the body surface or
between two organs
133
Achalasia
Failure of a smooth muscle to relax, especially the lower
esophageal sphincter, so that food is retained in the
esophagus
134
Anorexia
Loss of appetite. Anorexia nervosa is a psychologically
induced refusal or inability to eat (adjectives: anorectic,
anorexic
135
Aphagia
Refusal or inability to eat; inability to swallow or
difficulty in swallowing
136
Bruxism
Clenching and grinding of the teeth, usually during sleep
137
Bulimia
Excessive, insatiable appetite. A disorder characterized
by overeating followed by induced vomiting, diarrhea, or
fasting
138
Cachexia
Profound ill health, malnutrition, and wasting
139
Constipation
Infrequency or difficulty in defecation and the
passage of hard, dry feces
140
Dyspepsia
Poor or painful digestion
141
Education
Belching
142
Familial adenomatous polyposis FAP
A heredity condition in which multiple polyps form
in the colon and rectum, predisposing to colorectal
cancer
143
Flatulence
Condition of having gas or air in the GI tract
144
Flatus
Gas or air in the gastrointestinal tract; gas or air
expelled through the anus
145
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood
146
Irritable bowel syndrome IBS
A chronic stress-related disease characterized by
diarrhea, constipation, and pain associated with
rhythmic contractions of the intestine. Mucous colitis;
spastic colon
147
Pernicious anemia
A form of anemia caused by the stomach’s failure to
secrete intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the
absorption of vitamin B12
148
Thrush
Fungal infection of the mouth and/or throat caused
by Candida; appears as mucosal white patches or
ulcers
149
Appendectomy
Surgical removal of the appendix
150
Bariatrics
The branch of medicine concerned with prevention
and control of obesity and associated diseases
151
Bariatric surgery
Surgery to reduce the size of the stomach and
reduce nutrient absorption in the treatment of
morbid obesity
152
Gavage
Process of feeding through a nasogastric tube into the
stomach
153
Lavage
Washing out of a cavity irrigation
154
Manometry
Measurement of pressure; pertaining to the GI tract,
measurement of pressure in the portal system as a sign
of obstruction
155
Nasogastric tube NG
Tube that is passed through the nose into the
stomach. May be used for emptying the stomach,
administering medication, giving liquids, or
sampling stomach contents.
156
Parenteral hyperlimentation
Complete intravenous feeding for one who cannot
take in food. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
157
Percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube PEG
Tube inserted into the stomach for long-term
feeding
158
Antacid
Agent that counteracts acidity usually gastric acidity
159
Antidiarrheal
Treats or prevents diarrhea by reducing intestinal
motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the
intestinal lining
160
Antiemetic
Agent that relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting
161
Antiflatulent
Agent that prevents or relieves flatulence
162
Antispasmodic
Agent hat relives spasm , usually of smooth muscle
163
Emetic
An agent that causes vomiting
164
Histamine H2 antagonist
Drug that decreases secretion of stomach acid by
interfering with the action of histamine at H2 receptors.
Used to treat ulcers and other gastrointestinal
problems. H 2 -receptor-blocking agent
165
Laxative
Promotes elimination from the large intestine. Types
include stimulants, substances that retain water
(hyperosmotics), stool softeners, and bulk-forming
agents
166
Proton-pump inhibitor PPI
Agent that inhibits secretion of stomach acid by
blocking the transport of hydrogen ions (protons) into
the stomach
167
BE
Barium enema
168
BM
Bowel movement
