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ap psychology > unit 8a: clinical psychology > Flashcards

unit 8a: clinical psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

psychological disorder

A

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior

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2
Q

what are some symptoms of a psychological disorder

A
  1. deviation from a statistical norm
  2. maladaptive
  3. emotional discomfort
  4. deviation from a social/cultural norm
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3
Q

maladaptive

A

if a behavior interferes with a person’s ability to function in every day life. considered abnormal

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4
Q

the medical model

A

the concept that diseases (psychological disorders) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured

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5
Q

DSM-5

A

american psychiatric association’s diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders. the most comprehensive set of guidelines available for diagnosing psychological disorders

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6
Q

rosenhan study

A

david rosenhan and 7 others went to different hospital admissions complaining about hearing voices. all other questions were answered truthfully. all 8 were misdiagnosed with a disorder

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7
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

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8
Q

anxiety disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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9
Q

types of anxiety disorders

A
  • generalized anxiety disorder
  • social anxiety disorder
  • panic disorders
  • phobias
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10
Q

disorders including anxiety but classified separately

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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11
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. contains free-falling anxiety (anxiety without a specific stressor)

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12
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

intense fear and avoidance of social solutions. type of anxiety disorder

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13
Q

panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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14
Q

phobias

A

anxiety disorder marked by a persistent irrational fear & avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. tends to be chronic and onsets during childhood or young adulthood

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15
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both. onsets late teens or twenties

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16
Q

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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17
Q

mood disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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18
Q

types of mood disorders

A
  • major depression
  • persistent depressive disorder
  • seasonal affective disorder
  • bipolar disorder (manic depression)
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19
Q

major depressive disorder

A

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absense of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either a depressed mood or a loss of interest/pleasure

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20
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

a person has experienced a mildly depressed mood for 2 years or more and displays at least 2 of its symptoms

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21
Q

symptoms of persistent depressive disorder

A
  • feeling hopeless
  • poor self-esteem
  • reduced energy levels
  • problems regulating sleep
  • problems regulating appetite
22
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

recurring depression during the winter months (where there is less natural sunlight)

23
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness & lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. previously called manic-depressive disorder

24
Q

mania

A

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common. a symptom of bipolar disorder

25
Q

psychosis

A

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality. chief example: schizophrenia

26
Q

schizophrenia

A

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished inappropriate emotional expression

27
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

when inappropriate symptoms are present:
- break of contact with reality
- hallucinations
- delusions
- disorganized & bizarre behaviors
- disturbances in emotions, speech, thoughts

28
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences

29
Q

delusions

A

false but persistent beliefs

30
Q

types of delusions

A
  • grandeur
  • reference
  • persecution
  • guilt or sin
31
Q

delusions of grandeur

A

thinking you are someone of great importance

32
Q

delusions of reference

A

thinking you are the center of attention, that people are looking at, or talking about, you

33
Q

delusions of persecution

A

thinking that people are conspiring against you, out to get you, or harm you

34
Q

delusions of guilt or sin

A

thinking that you are guilty, feelings of remorse for no valid reason

35
Q

types of hallucinations

A

auditory (hearing things that are not there) and visual (seeing things that aren’t there)

36
Q

neologisms

A

at times, a schizophrenic’s speech includes words and phrases not found in any dictionary

37
Q

echolalia

A

repeating words over and over again

38
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

symptoms are subtracted, a lack of appropriate behavior:
- toneless voice or total silence (mutism)
- expressionless face
- loss of motivation
- rigid body

39
Q

chronic schizophrenia

A

slow developing schizophrenia, recovery is doubtful

40
Q

acute schizophrenia

A

rapidly developing schizophrenia, recovery is more likely

41
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily (somatic) form without physical cause. more common in asia, latin america, and africa

42
Q

conversion disorder

A

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no medical explanation can be found

43
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations such as symptoms of a disease. formerly called hypochondriasis

44
Q

dissociative disorders

A

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, feelings

45
Q

dissociative identity diroder

A

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities

46
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

disorders in which a person has sudden memory loss

47
Q

dissociative fugue (flight)

A

disorder in which a person has sudden memory loss and the creation of a new identity in a new location

48
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight

49
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging, excessive exercise, or fasting

50
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

an eating disorder in which a person engages in significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that makes bulimia nervosa

51
Q

personality disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

52
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards family and friends

ap psychology (15 decks)

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