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ap psychology > unit 6 - developmental psychology > Flashcards

unit 6 - developmental psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of the physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg, lasts two weeks

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3
Q

embryo

A

developing human organism, begins at two weeks

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4
Q

fetus

A

developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

teratogens

A

agents that can reach the embryo during prenatal development and cause harm (ex. chemicals and viruses)

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6
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation (used to explore infants abilities)

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7
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior

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8
Q

infantile amnesia

A

the inability to remember clearly or accurately the first years of life

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9
Q

jean piaget

A

developmental psychologist who created a theory that all humans progress through four cognitive developmental stages

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10
Q

schemas

A

a concept or mental image that provides a framework for understanding future experiences

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11
Q

assimilation

A

incorporating new information into our existing schemas without modification

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12
Q

accommodation

A

adjusting out schemas to fit the particulars of new experiences

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13
Q

piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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14
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years, infants experience their world through their senses and motor activities. have object permanence

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15
Q

object permanence

A

awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived. begins at 8 months

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16
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-6/7 years, child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. lacks conservation, has egocentrism, and the theory of mind

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17
Q

conservation

A

the child doesn’t understand that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same even if the object’s form changes

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18
Q

egocentrism

A

inability to take another’s point of view

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19
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental stages

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20
Q

concrete operational stage

A

6/7-11 years, children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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21
Q

formal operational stage

A

12+ years, people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

22
Q

lev vygotsky

A

russian developmental psychologist who said children learn best by interacting with others

23
Q

attachment

A

an emotional tie; survival impulse that keeps infants close to their caregivers

24
Q

critical period

A

an optimal period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experience produces normal development

25
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period. introduced by konrad lorenz

26
Q

securely attached

A

a positive parent-child relationship in which the child displays confidence when the parent leaves and finds comfort when the parent returns

27
Q

insecurely attached

A

generally a negative parent-child relationship marked by anxiety or avoidance that resists closeness

28
Q

self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. positive self-concepts: more confident, independent, optimistic, and sociable. emerges at 12-18 months

29
Q

diana baumrind

A

researched parenting styles; authoritarian, permissive, authoritative

30
Q

authoritarian

A

parents impose rules and expect obedience. effect on children: less social skills & self-esteem

31
Q

permissive

A

parents submit to their children’s desires. parents make few demands and little punishments. effect on children: more aggressive & immature

32
Q

authoritative

A

parents are demanding and responsive. set rules and enforce them while explaining them. effect on children: highest self-esteem self-reliance, and social competence

33
Q

primary sexual characteristics

A

the body structures directly involved in reproduction

34
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

characteristics not directly involved in reproduction (voice quality, body hair, etc)

35
Q

lawrence kohlberg

A

harvard psychologist who researched moral development. proposed 3 stages of development; preconventional, conventional, and post conventional

36
Q

preconventional level

A

the first stage of moral development. from birth-9 years. moral values reside in a person’s own needs and wants. characterized by a desire to avoid punishment or gain reward

37
Q

conventional level

A

second stage of moral development from 9-19 and beyond. morality of law & social rules. moral judgments are made to get approval by pleasing & helping others and being good citizens

38
Q

post conventional level

A

third stage of moral development. adolescence to beyond. morality of the abstract. rules agreed on by the whole society are accepted as binding, yet looked on as subject to change (ex. thanos)

39
Q

cultural bias

A

a criticism of kohlberg’s theory. collectivist cultures see morality as tied in with the good of the community, not to some personal standard

40
Q

erik erikson

A

psychologist who created a theory that each stage of life has a crisis that needs resolution. 8 stages

41
Q

1st stage - erik erikson

A

trust vs mistrust. from 0-1 year

42
Q

2nd stage - erik erikson

A

autonomy vs shame & doubt. from 1-3 years

43
Q

3rd stage - erik erikson

A

initiative vs guilt. from 3-6 years

44
Q

4th stage - erik erikson

A

industry vs inferiority. from 6-12 years

45
Q

5th stage - erik erikson

A

identity vs role confusion. from 12-19 years

46
Q

6th stage - erik erikson

A

intimacy vs isolation. from 20-40 years

47
Q

7th stage - erik erikson

A

generativity vs stagnation. from 40-64 years

48
Q

8th stage - erik erikson

A

ego integrity vs despair. from 65-death

49
Q

emerging adulthood

A

a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

50
Q

midlife transition

A

as people enter their forties they undergo a midlife transition into middle adulthood, which for some, is a crisis

51
Q

social clock

A

the culturally preferred timing of special events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

ap psychology (15 decks)

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