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ap psychology > unit 3: sensation and perception > Flashcards

unit 3: sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

raw information that comes from the senses

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2
Q

perception

A

the process through which people take raw sensations from the environment and give them meaning

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

information processing of analyzing raw stimuli then processing it

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

information processing that draws on experience to interpret new sensory information

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5
Q

absolute threshold

A

the weakest amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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6
Q

signal-detection theory

A

a theory that predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amidst background noise

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7
Q

subliminal

A

below your absolute threshold

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8
Q

priming

A

exposure to one stimulus influencing how one responds to a subsequent stimulus

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9
Q

difference threshold

A

aka, just noticeable difference. the minimum amount of difference needed to detect a change in stimulus 50% of the time

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10
Q

weber’s law

A

two stimuli have to differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different

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11
Q

fechnor’s law

A

constant increases in physical energy will produce smaller increases in perceived magnitude

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12
Q

sensory adaptation

A

our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

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13
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy to another

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14
Q

what does wavelength in light determine?

A

hue/color

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15
Q

what is the order of longest to shortest wave length colors?

A

red > orange > yellow > green > blue > indigo > violet

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16
Q

what does amplitude in light determine?

A

brightness of color

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17
Q

cornea

A

covers and protects the eye

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18
Q

pupil

A

opening in the eye behind the cornea which light passes through

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19
Q

iris

A

gives color to the eye and adjusts the amount of light entering it

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20
Q

lens

A

behind the pupil that focuses the light into the retina

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21
Q

retina

A

at the back of the eye which lens focuses light rays into

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22
Q

blind spot

A

the pint at which the optic nerve leaves the eye because no receptor cells are there

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23
Q

what is the path that light follows when entering the eye?

A

light ➔ cornea ➔ pupil ➔ lens ➔ retina

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24
Q

visual acuity

A

the sharpness of vision

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25
Q

accommodation

A

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus objects on the retina

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26
Q

rods

A

retinal receptors that detect monochrome colors. necessary for peripheral and twilight vision

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27
Q

cones

A

receptor cells concentrate near the center of the retina. functions in daylight and detects color

28
Q

optic nerve

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

29
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of stimulus

30
Q

parallel processing

A

processing of incoming stimulus simultaneously

31
Q

what two theories explain how we see color?

A

the young-helmholtz trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory

32
Q

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

color theory that the human eye has 3 types of receptors each sensitive to one of the primary colors (red, blue, green)

33
Q

opponent-process theory

A

color theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision, the opposites turning on and off (ex. red on, green off, green on, red off)

34
Q

audition

A

the sense of hearing

35
Q

what does amplitude in sound waves determine?

A

loudness of noise

36
Q

what does frequency in sound waves determine?

A

pitch

37
Q

pinna

A

ear flap

38
Q

auditory ear canal

A

conducts sound through the external ear to the eardrum

39
Q

ear drum

A

aka, the tympanic membrane. separates the outer ear from the middle ear, transofmrs pressure waves of sounds into mechanical vibrations

40
Q

middle ear

A

made up of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup that transmits sound vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window

41
Q

oval window

A

in the wall of the cochlea

42
Q

semicircular canals

A

three-looped tubular channels in the inner ear that detects movements of the head and balance

43
Q

cochlea

A

filled with fluids and small hairs that vibrates to incoming sounds and generate neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain

44
Q

basilar membrane

A

floor of fluid that runs through the cochlea. filled with cilia (hair cells)

45
Q

auditory nerve

A

nerves that carry stimuli from hair cells to the temporal lobe

46
Q

place theory

A

theory that links the pitch we hear to the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

47
Q

frequency theory

A

theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone

48
Q

conductive deafness

A

occurs due to damage to the middle ear. can be treated with a hearing aid

49
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

occurs due to damage to the inner ear. can be treated with a cochlear implant

50
Q

gate-control theory

A

theory stating that there is a “gate” in the spinal cord that either lets pain impulses travel upward to the brain or blocks its progress

51
Q

gustation

A

sense of taste

52
Q

what chemical senses make up taste?

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

53
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

54
Q

kinesthesis

A

the system for sensing the position & movement of your body parts

55
Q

vestibular sense

A

monitor’s the head’s position and movement. receptors are located in the semi-circular ear canals

56
Q

selective attention

A

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

57
Q

cocktail-party effect

A

the ability to attend to one of several speech streams while ignoring others. also being able to hear one’s name in those speech streams

58
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

59
Q

change blindness

A

the inability to notice changes in the visual array between one scene to another

60
Q

change deafness

A

the inability to notice changes in auditory stimuli

61
Q

choice blindness

A

the inability to notice changes in choices

62
Q

visual capture

A

the tendency for vision to dominate all other senses

63
Q

stroboscopic motion

A

the illusion of movement produced by showing rapid progression of images or objects that are not moving at all

64
Q

phi phenomenon

A

an illusion of apparent movement when two lights flash on and off in quick succession

65
Q

perceptual constancy

A

the ability to maintain a perception of the properties of an object regardless of changes to the stimulus

66
Q

perceptual set

A

a predisposition to perceive a stimulus in a certain way

ap psychology (15 decks)

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