unit 7a - motivation, emotion, and stress

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

evolutionary/instinct theory

Answer 2

a motivational theory that focuses on genetics & how genes predispose species.
criticisms: fails to focus on the role of learning in human behavior. labels behavior but doesn’t explain it

Question 3

drive reduction theory

Answer 3

a motivational theory that states a need results in a drive which motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension & return the body to homeostasis
criticisms: it doesn’t explain why people continue to engage in a behavior after a drive is reduced

Question 4

arousal theory

Answer 4

a motivational theory that says people are motivated to maintain their optimal level of arousal, increasing arousal, when it is too low & decreasing it when it is too high

Question 5

yerkes-dodson law

Answer 5

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

Question 6

hierarchy of needs

Answer 6

abraham maslow proposed that there is a pyramid of human needs. starts with physiological needs that must be first satisfied before motivated to satisfy higher-level needs

Question 7

hierarchy of needs levels (bottom to top)

Answer 7

physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Question 8

factors of hunger

Answer 8

the brain monitors blood chemistry and hormones whose presence communicates hunger

Question 9

leplin

Answer 9

protein hormones secreted by fat cells; causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger when abundant

Question 10

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 10

tells us when we are hungry

Question 11

ventramedial hypothalamus

Answer 11

tells us when we are full

Question 12

affiliation need

Answer 12

a deep need to belong, working hard to build relationships, influenced by social networking

Question 13

achievement motivation

Answer 13

a desire for significant accomplishment, mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard.
people with this achieve more and have grit

Question 14

emotion

Answer 14

a response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

Question 15

james-lange theory

Answer 15

a theory of emotion that claims people experience emotion based on their physiological behavior and responses
criticism: if correct, then there should be a unique physiological response for every emotion.

Question 16

cannon-bard’s theory

Answer 16

a theory of emotion. stimulus simultaneously triggers a physiological response and an emotion

Question 17

schachter-singer’s two-factor theory

Answer 17

a theory of emotion. to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. emotion cannot be experienced if one of these factors are absent

Question 18

cognitive appraisal theory

Answer 18

2 routes of emotion. zajonc & ledoux claimed simple emotions are processed without thinking and emotions can occur before cognition takes place (the low road)
lazarus claimed that complex emotions involve how we appraise the situation (high road)

Question 19

brain mechanisms

Answer 19

the psychoanalytic theory that the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. all defense mechanisms (except for suppression) is unconscious

Question 20

repression

Answer 20

defense mechanism that underlies all the other defense mechanisms. unconsciously blocking unpleasant or anxiety producing thoughts from consciousness (ex. traumatic childhood experience is unresolved & blocked)

Question 21

reaction formation

Answer 21

defense mechanism. acting oppositely of how one is feeling (ex. being mad at a friend but acting very sweet to them)

Question 22

rationalization

Answer 22

defense mechanism. giving ourselves false reassurances about an anxiety producing experience in order to reduce our anxiety. 2 types: sweet lemons (what we have we love and think is great) and sour grapes (what we can’t have we tell ourselves we didn’t want anyway)

Question 23

suppression

Answer 23

defense mechanism. consciously avoiding thinking about something (ex. do not want to think about the test you have this week)

Question 24

projection

Answer 24

defense mechanism. the tendency to see in others the undesirable traits and qualities that we posses (ex. moody people see other people as negative and moody)

Question 25

identification

Answer 25

defense mechanism. identifying with a group by taking on some of their behaviors (ex. identifying with popular students by changing how you dress and act to be like them)

Question 26

displacement

Answer 26

defense mechanism. taking our anxiety out on other, safer objects (ex. football player yelled at by coach then yells at little brother)

Question 27

sublimation

Answer 27

defense mechanism. we find socially acceptable ways to fulfill socially unacceptable urges (ex. hostile student channels aggressive impulses into sports)

Question 28

fantasy/dreams/escape

Answer 28

defense mechanism. avoiding anxiety by escaping into a fantasy/dream world (ex. while in class, fantasizing about being in florida)

Question 29

regression

Answer 29

defense mechanism. returning to earlier modes of dealing with anxiety (ex. an adult becoming dependent on parents after a divorce)

Question 30

undoing

Answer 30

defense mechanism. reducing anxiety by making amends for unethical thoughts or deeds (ex. husband doing something wrong and then bringing home flowers)

Question 31

compensation

Answer 31

defense mechanism. we pursue success in one area to reduce our anxiety about our failure in another (ex. a good athlete works hard in sports and tries not to focus on poor academics)

Question 32

denial

Answer 32

defense mechanism. defending against anxiety-producing realities by failing to perceive or recognize them (ex. smokers ignore the risks of lung cancer)

Question 33

paul ekman

Answer 33

some facial expressions of emotion are universal across cultures around the world

Question 34

facial feedback effect

Answer 34

facial position and muscle changes can alter which emotions we feel

Question 35

stress

Answer 35

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Question 36

life stressors

Answer 36

3 types: catastrophic, significant life changes, daily hassles

Question 37

general adaption syndrome

Answer 37

created by hans selye. the body’s adaptive response to stress is in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 38

friedman & rosenman

Answer 38

completed a study that tested the idea that stress increases invulnerability to heart disease. includes type A (competitive, hard-driving, impatient, anger prone) and type B (easygoing, relaxed)