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ap psychology > unit 7b - personality > Flashcards

unit 7b - personality Flashcards

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1
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

psychoanalysis

A

freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

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3
Q

free association

A

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person says whatever comes to mind

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4
Q

three levels of mind

A

conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

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5
Q

conscious

A

all our thoughts and perceptions of which we are currently aware

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6
Q

preconscious

A

a level of mental activity that is not currently conscious, but can easily become conscious (ex. memories, stored knowledge)

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7
Q

unconscious

A

region of the mind that contains acceptable thoughts, desires, feelings, and painful memories (ex. immoral urges, fears, violent motives)

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8
Q

freud’s dream theory

A

we dream to fulfill unconscious, socially unacceptable urges. includes manifest and latent content

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9
Q

manifest content

A

the part of the dream we remember. the plotline and literal meaning of the dream

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10
Q

latent content

A

the true hidden meaning of the dream, can only be discovered through dream interpretation and analyzing symbols

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11
Q

3 parts of personality

A

id, ego, superego. the 3 parts overlap and should not be analyzed separately. one is an outgrowth of the other

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12
Q

id

A

the part of the personality that emerges first. infants are almost all id. includes the pleasure principle

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13
Q

ego

A

the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that mediates between id, superego, and reality. includes the reality principle

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14
Q

reality principle

A

satisfying the id’s desires in realistically and socially acceptable ways

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15
Q

superego

A

the part of personality that represents morals and provides standards for judgement (conscious) and for future aspirations. starts at age 4-5, strives for perfection

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16
Q

stages of development

A

freud believed that an individual develops through a series of 5 psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

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17
Q

oral stage

A

from birth-18 months. pleasure comes from the mouth–sucking, biting chewing

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18
Q

anal stage

A

18 month-3 years old. pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder function; the child must cope with demands for control. involves fixation, anal retentive, and anal expulsive

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19
Q

fixation

A

being stuck in a psychosexual stage due to unresolved conflicts. can occur from too much or too little pleasure

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20
Q

anal retentive

A

the anal retentive person is neat, orderly, organized, and overly concerned with control. caused by too strict of training and too little pleasure

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21
Q

anal expulsive

A

the anal expulsive person is messy and disorganized. caused by too lax toilet training and too much pleasure

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22
Q

phallic stage

A

3-6 years. the pleasure zone is the genitals; the child must cope with incestuous feelings. includes, the oedipus complex, electra complex, and identification

23
Q

oedipus & electra complex

A

oedipus - a pattern described by freud in which a boy has sexual desire for his mother and wants to eliminate his father’s competition for her attention
electra - parallel for girls

24
Q

latency stage

A

6 years-puberty. during this stage, sexual impulses stay in the background and school, same-sex peer play, and developing social skills becomes the focus

25
Q

genital stage

A

puberty-death. it is during this stage the sexual impulses appear at the conscious level

26
Q

psychodynamic theory

A

view of personality that focuses on the unconscious and importance of childhood experiences. descended from freud’s psychoanalytic theory

27
Q

neo-freudians

A

followers of freud who kept the main points of his theory but proposed changes: alfred adler, karen horney, carl jung

28
Q

alfred adler

A

proposed individual psychology. believed social tensions were more important than sexual tensions. motivated by striving for superiority which is triggered by feelings of inferiority

29
Q

karen horney

A

believed we are driven by feelings of basic anxiety. these feelings arise out of parental indifference and inconsistency. claims that while women have “penis envy”, men have “womb envy”

30
Q

carl jung

A

analytical psychologist. believed in the importance of the unconscious and in a collective unconscious. first used the terms “introvert” and “extrovert”

31
Q

collective unconscious

A

a shared, inherited reservoir of images or archetypes from our history

32
Q

projected tests

A

methods of studying personality by providing someone with a situation to which they will respond according to what the situation means to them. techniques are “response-free”

33
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

a popular projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interest through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

34
Q

rorschach inkblot test

A

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots. created by hermann rorschach and seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

35
Q

carl rogers

A

person-centered perspective. believed in fully functioning people (FFP), unconditional positive regard, self-concept

36
Q

fully functioning person (FFP)

A

a person has an innate tendency toward realizing his/her potentialities. genuineness, acceptance, and empathy enable people to fully grow and achieve.

37
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

an attitude of total acceptance and understanding toward another person

38
Q

assessing the self

A

assessed personality through questionnaires and evaluate their self-concept

39
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of behaviors that tend to appear together. mainly studied by hans and sybil eysenck

40
Q

hans and sybil eysenck

A

focused on two personality dimensions: extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability

41
Q

personality inventories

A

questionnaires designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors. used to assess selected personality traits

42
Q

mmpi

A

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. developed to identify emotional disorders but is now used for screening purposes

43
Q

empirically derived test

A

a test (like MMPI) that is developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

44
Q

the big five factors

A

created by paul costa, robert mccrae, and others. describes the 5 essential traits that serve as the building block of personality. openness (imaginative, independent), conscientiousness (organized, disciplined), extraversion (sociable, fun-loving), agreeableness (trusting, helpful), and neuroticism (anxiety, insecure)

45
Q

person-situation controversy

A

debate about behavior caused by personality or different situations

46
Q

social-cognitive perspective

A

focuses on how we and the environment react. created by alfred bandura, and advanced by walter michel

47
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

personality is shaped by the interaction of 3 forces: environment, behavior, and personal factors/cognition

48
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determines one’s fate. created by julian rotter

49
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that one controls one’s own life. these people tend to achieve more in school, are more independent, have more success and feel less depressed. created by julian rotter

50
Q

what is the best way to assess behavior?

A

by analyzing the person’s past behavior in similar situations

51
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

52
Q

self-efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

53
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

ap psychology (15 decks)

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