Unit 8 Quiz

Question 1

A _________ assessment is a direct, data-based method of presenting one stimulus contingent upon a response and measuring the extent to which that response increases over time. This type of assessment verifies whether or not a stimulus functions as a reinforcer. A _________ assessment measures preference for stimuli, but does not verify whether these stimuli are actually reinforcers or not.

Answer 1

Reinforcer, preference

Question 2

An S-delta is:

Answer 2

A stimulus, in the presence of which reinforcement is withheld if a target response occurs.

Question 3

An advantage to survey methods of evaluating preference is that they are relatively uncomplicated to conduct. A disadvantage of such methods is that:

Answer 3

They may not yield any more accurate information than chance

Question 4

An intern described a new client to his university class. He noted that the client showed problems with sustaining attention during classroom instruction and showed tendencies of ADHD. Later, in his description, he surmised that the client’s ADHD was a cause for his inattentiveness. In this discussion, the two identified variables (ADHD and inattentiveness) are effects and unable to be separated from one another so that one could be manipulated, to test the effect on the other. This is an example of:

Answer 4

Circular reasoning

Question 5

Assume you give a student in your class a forced choice preference assessment. On this preference assessment, computer time was ranked highest (that is, it was selected the most frequently). What can you say about computer time, based on this information?

Answer 5

Computer time may be a reinforcer for this student

Question 6

Assume you have a student in class, Ben, who becomes severely aggressive whenever another student takes his toys away from him. When Ben hits them, the other children tend to return the toys they took away from him. What can be said about this situation?

Answer 6

Ben’s aggression had been positively reinforced by the children returning the toys to him.

Question 7

Elsa conducted a preference assessment for Jordan, a five-year-old boy with autism with whom she works. She arranged 10 stimuli on a table and allowed him a little time to interact with the stimuli prior to the assessment. Then, she began her assessment, allowing Jordan to select a stimulus and play with it. When Jordan finished playing with that item, Elsa put the toy away and allowed Jordan to select another toy. She repeated this procedure until there were only three toys left. What form of preference assessment is this?

Answer 7

Multiple stimulus

Question 8

Here is a common situation: New parents put a child to bed. The child begins to cry, so the parents comfort the child and allow the child to sleep in bed with them. Thus, when they put the child to bed in the future, she is more likely to cry. What has occurred in this situation?

Answer 8

The parents have positively reinforced crying.

Question 9

Here is a common situation: New parents put a child to bed. The parents are very tired, because they work hard and are trying to raise a young child. The child begins to cry. When they put the child in their own bed, the child stops crying. Therefore, in the future, they are more likely to put the child in their own bed. What has occurred in this situation?

Answer 9

The parents have been reinforced for putting the child in their bed via negative reinforcement.

Question 10

If one compares the effects of response dependent delivery of a stimulus to a response independent schedule delivery of a stimulus to analyze whether or not the stimulus serves as a reinforcer, which assessment method is one using?

Answer 10

Multiple schedule assessment

Question 11

If one wants to determine the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer as the requirements to earn that reinforcer change over time, which assessment method would be most appropriate?

Answer 11

Progressive-ratio schedule assessment

Question 12

If one wants to determine the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer relative to another stimulus, which assessment method would be most appropriate?

Answer 12

Paired stimulus assessment

Question 13

In a concurrent schedules of reinforcement assessment:

Answer 13

WRONG

Question 14

Ms. Franklin conducted a survey with her class to identify stimuli that might serve as reinforcers. All the students in her class indicated that extra recess time and pencils would be some things they would like to earn. She then collected baseline data on the number of math problems each student correctly completes during seatwork time. Following this, she told her students they can have five minutes of extra recess if they complete five more math problems during seatwork time today than they did yesterday. Each day, she increased the number of math problems the students needed to complete to earn extra recess. She kept a graph of the results, which showed a steadily increasing trend since baseline. What can be said about what she has done?

Answer 14

She has demonstrated that extra recess functions as a reinforcer for work completion.

Question 15

National Public Radio (NPR) often holds fund drives to raise money for their radio stations. They frequently offer prizes for people who donate a certain amount of money. For example, they might offer a CD for those who donate at least $50 to the station. It is not clear whether this actually increases donations. What can we say about this situation?

Answer 15

The CDs function as a reward for donating money

Question 16

Negative reinforcement involves:

Answer 16

Removing an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior.

Question 17

One advantage to free operant preference assessments is:

Answer 17

All the above:

a. There is less potential for children to satiate on the stimuli than with forced choice and approach responding assessments.
b. These can be less time consuming than forced choice and approach responding assessments.
c. They provide a rank order of preferences, unlike forced choice assessments.

Question 18

Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that:

Answer 18

All the above:

a. They both produce an increase in responding.
b. They both involve a stimulus change following a target behavior.
c. They can either be conditioned or unconditioned.

Question 19

The Premack principle is useful for:

Answer 19

Increasing low probability behaviors

Question 20

The key distinction between positive and negative reinforcement is:

Answer 20

The type of stimulus change that occurs following a response

Question 21

Unconditioned reinforcers are:

Answer 21

Stimuli, such as food and water, that are inherently reinforcing for individuals.

Question 22

What is the advantage of using generalized conditioned reinforcers?

Answer 22

They are less susceptible to satiation, because they can be exchanged for a wide variety of other reinforcers.

Question 23

Which is the correct representation of the sequence of the four terms of a contingency of reinforcement?

Answer 23

EO, SD, target response, Sr+ (future responding increases; the EO is relevant to the Sr+ selected).

Question 24

Which is true?

Answer 24

The behavior that occurs temporally closest to the presentation of a reinforcer will be strengthened by its presentation.

Question 25

Which is true?

Answer 25

Another descriptor for the three-term contingency is the discriminated operant.

Question 26

Which of the following is, or are, conditioned reinforcers?

Answer 26

Money and token

Question 27

Which of the following represents an example of the Premack principle?

Answer 27

Telling a child to eat his vegetables, then he can have dessert