Unit 8 Flashcards
Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (for example, scratching an insect bite relieves the itch).
Automatic reinforcement
An interrelated community of contingencies of reinforcement that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long-lasting behavior changes.
Behavior trap
An adaptation of multiple-stimulus and paired-stimulus presentations that is used to reduce the time needed to determine a stimulus preference.
Brief stimulus assessment
A previously neutral stimulus that has been paired a number of times with an established reinforcer and consequently functions as a reinforcer itself.
Conditioned reinforcer
Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behavior analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behavior change.
Contrived contingency
Any stimulus made functional for the target behavior in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behavior in a generalization setting.
Contrived mediating stimulus
Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space.
Free operant
Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space.
Free-operant avoidance
A systematic process for identifying and selecting teaching examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements in the generalization setting(s).
General case analysis
A process in which the behavior occurs in the presence of antecedent stimuli that are similar in some way to the discriminative stimulus present when the behavior was reinforced.
Generalization
Changes in the behavior of people not directly treated by an intervention as a function of treatment contingencies applied to other people.
Generalization across subjects
A conditioned reinforcer that - as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers - does not depend on an establishing operation or any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.
Generalized conditioned reinforcer
An extension of the paired-stimulus procedure, in which the person chooses a preferred stimulus from an array of three or more stimuli.
Multiple stimulus assessment
A type of preference assessment in which the chosen item remains in the array and the items that were not selected are replaced with new items.
Multiple stimulus assessment with replacement
A type of preference assessment in which the chosen item is removed from the array, the order or placement of the remaining items is rearranged, and the next trial begins with a reduced number of items in the array.
Multiple stimulus assessment without replacement
An assessment in which two potential reinforcers are presented to an individual, and the researcher records which stimulus the individual approaches.
Paired stimulus assessment
A type of reinforcement in which, contingent on the behavior, a stimulus or event is presented and the probability of the behavior increases in the future.
Positive reinforcement
A stimulus that will increase the future probability of a behavior when the stimulus is delivered contingent on the occurrence of the behavior.
Positive reinforcer
A process of identifying reinforcers for an individual that involves presenting potential reinforcers and measuring whether the individual approaches, manipulates, or consumes the item.
Preference assessment
A type of positive reinforcement in which the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior is made contingent on the occurrence of a low-probability behavior to increase the low-probability behavior.
Premack principle
A process in which an item from a preference assessment is delivered contingent on a behavior to see if the behavior increases.
Reinforcer assessment
A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement.
Response-deprivation hypothesis
An assessment in which each potential reinforcer is presented one at a time to see whether the individual approaches the stimulus or not.
Single stimulus assessment
A variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference values (high versus low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference values remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers.
Stimulus preference assessment
A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus.
Stimulus-stimulus pairing
A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it, irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus.
Unconditioned reinforcer
