Unit 8

Question 1

Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (for example, scratching an insect bite relieves the itch).

Answer 1

Automatic reinforcement

Question 2

An interrelated community of contingencies of reinforcement that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long-lasting behavior changes.

Answer 2

Behavior trap

Question 3

An adaptation of multiple-stimulus and paired-stimulus presentations that is used to reduce the time needed to determine a stimulus preference.

Answer 3

Brief stimulus assessment

Question 4

A previously neutral stimulus that has been paired a number of times with an established reinforcer and consequently functions as a reinforcer itself.

Answer 4

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 5

Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behavior analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behavior change.

Answer 5

Contrived contingency

Question 6

Any stimulus made functional for the target behavior in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behavior in a generalization setting.

Answer 6

Contrived mediating stimulus

Question 7

Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space.

Answer 7

Free operant

Question 8

Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space.

Answer 8

Free-operant avoidance

Question 9

A systematic process for identifying and selecting teaching examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements in the generalization setting(s).

Answer 9

General case analysis

Question 10

A process in which the behavior occurs in the presence of antecedent stimuli that are similar in some way to the discriminative stimulus present when the behavior was reinforced.

Answer 10

Generalization

Question 11

Changes in the behavior of people not directly treated by an intervention as a function of treatment contingencies applied to other people.

Answer 11

Generalization across subjects

Question 12

A conditioned reinforcer that - as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers - does not depend on an establishing operation or any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.

Answer 12

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

Question 13

An extension of the paired-stimulus procedure, in which the person chooses a preferred stimulus from an array of three or more stimuli.

Answer 13

Multiple stimulus assessment

Question 14

A type of preference assessment in which the chosen item remains in the array and the items that were not selected are replaced with new items.

Answer 14

Multiple stimulus assessment with replacement

Question 15

A type of preference assessment in which the chosen item is removed from the array, the order or placement of the remaining items is rearranged, and the next trial begins with a reduced number of items in the array.

Answer 15

Multiple stimulus assessment without replacement

Question 16

An assessment in which two potential reinforcers are presented to an individual, and the researcher records which stimulus the individual approaches.

Answer 16

Paired stimulus assessment

Question 17

A type of reinforcement in which, contingent on the behavior, a stimulus or event is presented and the probability of the behavior increases in the future.

Answer 17

Positive reinforcement

Question 18

A stimulus that will increase the future probability of a behavior when the stimulus is delivered contingent on the occurrence of the behavior.

Answer 18

Positive reinforcer

Question 19

A process of identifying reinforcers for an individual that involves presenting potential reinforcers and measuring whether the individual approaches, manipulates, or consumes the item.

Answer 19

Preference assessment

Question 20

A type of positive reinforcement in which the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior is made contingent on the occurrence of a low-probability behavior to increase the low-probability behavior.

Answer 20

Premack principle

Question 21

A process in which an item from a preference assessment is delivered contingent on a behavior to see if the behavior increases.

Answer 21

Reinforcer assessment

Question 22

A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement.

Answer 22

Response-deprivation hypothesis

Question 23

An assessment in which each potential reinforcer is presented one at a time to see whether the individual approaches the stimulus or not.

Answer 23

Single stimulus assessment

Question 24

A variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference values (high versus low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference values remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers.

Answer 24

Stimulus preference assessment

Question 25

A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus.

Answer 25

Stimulus-stimulus pairing

Question 26

A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it, irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus.

Answer 26

Unconditioned reinforcer