Unit 8 Questions Flashcards
What are restrictive covenants, White flight, and racial steering and how did they contribute to segregation?
“restrictive covenants” in which people agree among themselves not to sell their homes to non-Whites.
“White fight”, organized White resistance to integration
racial steering: real estate agents colluded with neighbors to maintain all-White neighborhoods
How are public schools funded and what is the impact of this funding model?
They are funded halfly by the amount of taxes that the neighborhood pays. So if the neighborhood belongs to wealthy people the school will represent this in ways of having a good schooling envioronment. But, if the neighborhood around the school belongs to people who are poor, the school will represent this in bad ways.
What forms does “White flight” take today?
We continue to see White fight in the form of NIMBY (“Not In My Back Yard”) politics. Across the United States, and in both liberal and conservative communities, residents in predominantly White neighborhoods have opposed affordable housing developments that would likely bring in poor and working-class residents of all races and ethnicities.
When people of color do move in, we still see White flight. Between 2000 and 2010, 12 percent of U.S. Census tracts in the 150 largest cities lost an average of 40 percent of their White population. This is because of black people moving into them.
In what ways does residential segregation restrict access to resources?
It restricts access to resources because white wealthy people are more likely to have them available to them. If different kinds of people live in different neighborhoods, goods and services can be delivered disproportionately to White people. And dangers and vulnerabilities can be delivered disproportionately to people of color.
How does residential segregation operate as a form of institutional racism?
It operates as a form of institutional racism because it neglects and harms the least priveledged.
Describe the forms of “within school” institutionalized racism.
Black girls especially are more likely to be disciplined. And black boys are also looked at to misbehave rather than white boys. Also black people are more likely to be placed in lower classes, not ones that are high or for gifted individuals.
What is the impact of policing in schools?
The impact of policing in schools is risking the safety of black boys as they are a target of the police. This also makes black individuals more likely to play the role of being a bad guy as that is what the policing in schools make them out to be. It also increases the likelihood that students in these low income schools will be routed out the education system and into the criminal justice system.
What is adultification of children of color, and what are the consequences of this?
This is a form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children. The consequences of this is from the time they’re preschoolers, children of color are likely to be treated as if they have malicious intent. This creates routine differences in who’s seen as “bad” and who’s seen as merely mischievous. The misconduct of White boys is often brushed off as harmless. “Boys will be boys,” we say, emphasizing that they’re just children. The same behavior from boys of color, however, is often viewed as intentional. Instead of getting the benefit of the doubt, they get swift and unambiguous punishment.
How do U.S. incarceration rates compare with other countries?
incarcerates four times as many people as Mexico, six times as many as Canada, and nearly page 221 nine times as many as Denmark. So it is very high.
Describe the achievement gaps in educational attainment.
Though people of all racial and ethnic backgrounds equally value education, students of color, with the exception page 219 of Asians, are less likely to graduate from high school than White students. Only about a third of Black and Hispanic Americans enroll in college before they turn twenty-four. Dozens of the most prestigious colleges in the United States enroll more students from the 1 percent than they do from the bottom 60 percent combined.
Describe marijuana’s legal status in the United States over time, and explain why the name “marijuana” was used in the United States.
It used to be illegal, but now is a prescription in many states.
American authorities adopted the word marijuana—a Spanish word—specifically to stigmatize and criminalize Mexican immigrants.
Describe what is meant by “tough on crime” policies, and understand how this relates to mass incarceration.
With the help of the media, they convinced Americans that crime, and drug crimes especially, were a substantial threat. Even as the homicide rate fell, media coverage of murder on network news rose by 600 percent, focusing especially on White women victims.98 By 1990, six in ten Americans were worried that crime was on the rise (it wasn’t), and most thought drugs were the greatest danger to youth. The majority of Americans favored harsher criminal punishments and increased spending on law enforcement.
Describe the three ways in which advantage and disadvantage is distributed that embeds discrimination in our social structure.
1: We see cross-institutional advantage and disadvantage when people are positively or negatively served across multiple institutions. Children who grow up in safe and healthy neighborhoods with strong services and amenities, for example, are also likely to get good educations and be relatively free of police oversight.
2: Cumulative Advantage and Disadvantage - Advantages and Disadvantages build over the life course. Peoples structurally positioned with fewer opportunities. A person who grew up in a poor neighborhood may continue to live in poverty as the grow older as they did not have the same advantages that other kids had.
3: Intergenerational Advantage and Disadvantage - Passed form parents to children
