Unit 8

Question 1

disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students

Answer 1

achievement gaps

Question 2

a form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children

Answer 2

adultification

Question 2

widespread and enduring practices that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others

Answer 2

institutional discrimination

Question 2

A woman can become caught in a bind where, no matter what she chooses to think, say, or do, a bar puts difficulties in her path

Answer 2

oppression as a bird cage

Question 2

prejudice against and discrimination toward people with dark skin compared to those with light skin, regardless of race

Answer 2

colorism

Question 2

residential segregation so extreme that many people’s daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races

Answer 2

hypersegregation

Question 2

a disadvantage that builds over time

Answer 2

cumulative disadvantage

Question 2

advantage that builds over time

Answer 2

cumulative advantage

Question 2

advantage and disadvantage that is passed from parents to children

Answer 2

intergenerational advantage

Question 3

an extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective

Answer 3

mass incarceration

Question 4

a disadvantage that carries across generations

Answer 4

intergenerational disadvantage

Question 4

an extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspective

Answer 4

mass deportation

Question 5

the practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than White people

Answer 5

environmental racism

Question 6

“Not in My Back Yard,” a term originating in the United States to describe the arguments of those opposing development in their vicinity while not necessarily against similar development elsewhere.

Answer 6

NIMBY politics

Question 6

a society where jobs and pay are allocated based on an individual’s talent and achievements rather than social status.

Answer 6

meritocracy

Question 7

a research method in which data are layered onto a landscape divided into finegrained segments

Answer 7

spatial analysis

Question 7

a term that refers to a society’s production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups

Answer 7

racism

Question 8

the sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods

Answer 8

residential segregation

Question 8

a practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor and minority neighborhoods

Answer 8

redlining

Question 8

contractual agreements that forbids the purchase, lease, or occupation of a piece of property by a particular group of people, usually African Americans

Answer 8

restrictive covenants

Question 9

places that lack beneficial or critical amenities

Answer 9

resource deserts

Question 9

unequal distribution of academic resources, including but not limited to school funding, qualified and experienced teachers, books, and technologies, to socially excluded communities

Answer 9

school inequality

Question 10

a practice of disciplining and punishing children and youth in school that routes them out of education and into the criminal justice system

Answer 10

school-to-prison pipeline

Question 11

an illegal practice of trying to induce members of a specific race to purchase property in neighborhoods that are composed primarily of their same race

Answer 11

steering

Question 11

institutional discrimination that injures the body and mind

Answer 11

structural violence

Question 11

the practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability

Answer 11

tracking

Question 12

a phenomenon in which white people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in

Answer 12

White flight

Question 13

a phenomenon in which people are positively or negatively served across multiple institutions

Answer 13

cross-institutional advantage and disadvantage