Unit 5 Flashcards
widespread normlessness or a weakening of or alienation from social rules
anomie
a society’s shared understanding of right or wrong
collective conscience
a condition in which 40 percent or more of the residents in an area live below the federal poverty line
concentrated poverty
when we attempt to shift the blame away from us and instead focus on those who condemn us
condemnation of the condemners
the ideas that societies aren’t characterized by shared interests but competing ones
conflict theory
compliance with standards, rules, or laws
conformity
the process by which behaviors and individuals are transformed into crime and criminals”. Previously legal acts may be transformed into crimes by legislation
criminalization
occurs when an individual recognizes that their behavior is unacceptable
denial of injury
We acknowledge doing the behavior considered wrong, but we claim that we had no choice—that we had to do or we were forced to do so
denial of responsibility
when an individual causes harm to another but believe that person deserved it.
denial of the victim
a term used to describe data that are applicable
generalizable
behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions
deviance
the idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks.
differential association theory
sociological analysis based on historical data sources
historical sociology
innovation
the process in which conditions and behaviors are labeled and treated as medical issues
medicalization
the process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual
labeling
a theory about how labels that are applied to us influence our behavior
labeling theory
the instance of deviance that first attracts a deviant label
primary deviance
an individual rejecting socially acceptable goals and means while replacing them with socially unacceptable goals and means
rebellion
the idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule-breaking
neutralization theory
when someone rejects the traditional goals of the larger societal culture but accepts the means by which the goals are achieved
ritualism
the tendency of some people to withdraw from the society of which they are a part, rejecting both the goals and the means of achieving those goals
retreatism
the subset of the population from which data will be populated
sample
further instances of deviance prompted by the receipt of the deviant label
secondary deviance
the idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods
social disorganization theory
the range of life structure and reliable routine that is protective against further situational hazards and helps maintain connections with social resources and societal expectations
social stability
a condition in which wealth power and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities
social inequality
an attribute, behavior, or reputation which is socially discrediting in a particular way: it causes an individual to be mentally classified by others in an undesirable, rejected stereotype rather than in an accepted, normal one.
stigmatization
the idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and peoples ability to attain them.
strain theory
a research method that involves inviting individuals to complete a questionnaire designed to collect analyzable data
survey
a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status during his occupation.
white collar crime
