Unit 8 Cellular regulation Flashcards
Hypertrophy
Increased cell size
Hyperplasia
Increase number/density of cells (normal cell)
Metabolic demand, stress, hormones increase
Metaplasia
Cell ends up in wrong place
Dysplasia
Loss of DNA control
Changed appearance
Anaplasia
Regression of differentiation
No DNA control
Destructive conditions
Cancer cell facts
Abnormally regulated Cellular division No apoptosis No "normal" shapes Larger nucleus Don't adhere Can migrate Invasive Aneuploid (+/- chromosomes)
Normal cell facts
Regulated Cellular division Apoptosis "Normal" sizes Small nucleus Differentiated Adhere together No migration Can die when touched
In situ
“Staying in one place”
Benign tumor
Moles/skin tags Rare Rarely reoccurrence Slow growth Expands to boundaries
Malignant tumor
Metastatic
Infiltrates
More different than parent
More vascular
Initiation
First cellular damage that’s irreversible
Promotion
Can last for years
Depends on duration of exposure
Progression
Growth past 1 cm is considered cancer. No longer a tumor
Oncogenes
Mutations of normal genes
Formed from proto-oncogenes
Cancer premises
Either dis functioning tumor suppresser gene or stronger cancer causing agent
Bad defense or good offense
Diagnostic tests
X ray Ultrasound for dense tissues MRI Biopsy Aspirated fluids Blood work Oscopy for visualization
Anatomic Cancer classes
Sarcoma- connective, muscle, bone Myeloma-plasma Leukemia- begin in marrow, spleen, and lymph Carcinoma- begin in organ linings Lymphoma- lymph system
Histological cancer classes
Grade 1- well differentiated (pretty similar to parent)
2- moderately differentiated
3- poor
4- undifferentiated
TNM Cancer classes
Tumor, node, metastasis (memorize all levels)
Caution cancer
Change in bowel/bladder A sore that doesn't heal Unusual bleeding/discharge Thickening of lump Indigestion or dysphasia Obvious skin change Nagging cough
CHILD CANCER
Continued weight loss Headache Increased swelling/pains Lumps Development of bleeding/ bruising
Constant infection A white spot behind pupils Nausea Constantly tired Eye/vision change Recurrent infections
Teletherapy
External radiation very specifically aimed
Skin marked, don’t scrub, ONLY WATER, no heat/cold
Same position and have cast, hats
BURNS
Brachytherapy
Permanent or temp
Rod Implanted into cavity
Private room with isolation
Proper disposal
Teletherapy proc
15-30 min
5 days a week
Skin care
HGB, PLT, WBC
BRM
Not as common
Man made stuff to stimulate own immune system
Alkylating agents
Broad spectrum and frequently used Binds DNA preventing replication Keep PT hydrated 2-3 L infection monitoring Monitor IV/IO
Alkylating agents s/e
Immunosupressed Thrombocytopenia Generals Necrosis Hemorrhagic cystitis Dsyurea, hemourea
General s/e
NVD Anorexia Hair loss Rash Photosensitive Darkening skin
Cytoxan
Oral IV
(cyclophosphamide)
Aspirin, thiazides, warfarin
Antimetabolites
5FU
Binds like a nutrient
Mucus membrane assessment
IV site monitoring with constant blood return check
5FU s/e
Bruising, low PLT Generals Marrow depression even 8 days post treatment Stomatitis early toxicity symptom Extravization
Adriamycin (doxorubicin) s/e
Cardio toxic (within minutes) Red urine Rythmias Lowers RBC Secondary malignancy 1-3 years
Adriamycin
Antibiotic
EKG/echo monitoring
(35 min)
Vincristine (Oncovin)
Hod and nh lymphoma
Herbal supplemets/ nutrition/ meds
Oncovin
Neuro Pain Reflexes Paralytic ileus Constipation Marrow depression Vesicant
Nolvadex (tomaxifen)
Hormones block estrogen to cancer (breast cancer) Tumor gets bigger then smaller Less side effects PO with food No antacids or crushing Can be used prophylactic
Tamoxifen s/e
Endometrial cancer Strokes Embolism Hot flashes Vaginally discharge Fluid retention
Neutropenia parameters
No chemo: < 500
Chemo: < 1000
Alopecia
Should end 2 months after treatment
Return but maybe not the same
Brachytherapy procedure
Perm or short term Wear full gear Isolation Only stay short time (family too) No pregnant people around If falls out, special device to pick up and stored, team called to get
Chemo indications
Cure
Palliative
Prophylaxis
Usually with surgery and/or radiation
Antimetabolites treat
Lady and GI
Breast, cervix, colon, liver, stomach, panc, rect
Nursing and chemo
Not all nurses can give
Must have blood return!!!
Anti tumor indications
Solid tumors, leukemia, lymphoma
