Cancers

Question 0

Hyperplasia

Answer 0

Growth by cell addition

Question 1

Reasons for cancer increase

Answer 1

More substance exposure

Longer life

Question 2

Oncogenes

Answer 2

Produce cyclin Proteins that promote cell division

Over expressed in cancer

Question 3

Suppressor genes

Answer 3

Regulate cell division

Question 4

Benign characteristics

Answer 4

Look like tissue they came from
Small nucleus
Differentiated
Adherence
No migration
Normal growth and chromosomes

Question 5

Carcinogenesis steps

Answer 5

Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Metastasis

Question 6

Initiation

Answer 6

Irreversible
Change in gene expression from damaged DNA
Over active oncogenes or decreased suppressor

Question 7

Promotion

Answer 7

Growth of cancer cells using promoters like insulin and estrogen

Question 8

Latency period

Answer 8

Time from initiation to tumor

Question 9

Progression

Answer 9

Primary tumor Starts at 1cm
New vessels form
Tumor cells differentiate
Blood borne metastasis
Metastasis and secondary

Question 10

GPS system

Answer 10

Grading- cellular aspects
Ploidy- chromosome numbers
Staging- clinical aspects

Question 11

Grading

Answer 11

Allows prognosis/treatment to be guesstimated
Some cells are “worse” than others
More aggressive, rapid, less like original tissue

Question 12

Grading levels

Answer 12

X- not determinable
1- low, cells very similar to parent
2- moderate
3- poor diff, few parent characteristics
4- Unlike parent, origin can be hard to determine

Question 13

Staging TMN

Answer 13

Tumor Node Metastasis

Question 14

Tumor class

Answer 14

X- not assessable
0- no evidence
Tis- in situ
1234- size and extent or primary

Question 15

Types of carcinogens

Answer 15

Chemical-don’t effect all cells. Tobacco 30%
Physical- radiation and chronic inflammation
Viral- viral DNA inserted into host DNA (STI)

Question 16

Diet to reduce cancer risk

Answer 16

Limit animal fat, red/processed meat, ETOH

High Vit A/A, bran, veggies

Question 17

Cancer Personal Factors

Answer 17

Immune-decrease > 60

Age- greatest cancer risk

Question 18

Cancer screenings

Answer 18

Mamm/Breast yearly in 40 yr old
Colonoscopy q10 years at 50
Fecal occult all adults
Prostate/Digital rectal yearly in 50 yr old

Question 19

Secondary cancer complications

Answer 19

Fungating
Eats blood vessels
Blood vessels
Anorexia
Paraneoplastic syndrome