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Unit 8 Assignments Flashcards

1
Q

Innate vs Adaptive

A

Adaptive immunity: A specific immune response that develops over time, targeting particular pathogens and involving memory for faster future responses.

Innate immunity: A non-specific, immediate defense mechanism against pathogens that does not require prior exposure.

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2
Q

Determine whether each scenario is MOST LIKELY an example of innate or adaptive

Vaccinating against measles

A

Adaptive - Builds memory

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3
Q

Determine whether each scenario is MOST LIKELY an example of innate or adaptive

You get something in your eye and you immediately start tearing.

A

Innate - Immediate response

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4
Q

Determine whether each scenario is MOST LIKELY an example of innate or adaptive

Coughing

A

Innate - Reflex to expel pathogens

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5
Q

Determine whether each scenario is MOST LIKELY an example of innate or adaptive

You are sick with flu-like symptoms & your doctor does some blood work to determine what type of infection you have. The blood work comes back and your IgG levels are high

A

Adaptive - Specific immune response

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6
Q

Determine whether each scenario is MOST LIKELY an example of innate or adaptive

Complement proteins are at work

A

Innate - Enhances defense

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7
Q

Determine whether each scenario is MOST LIKELY an example of innate or adaptive

Commensal Staphylococcus aureus is cultured from your skin swab when doing a ubiquity experiment in lab. You lab partner asks why you aren’t sick

A

Innate - Microbiota protection

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8
Q

Determine whether each scenario is MOST LIKELY an example of innate or adaptive

You accidentally get exposed to a patient’s blood through a cut on your hand. Your blood work comes back positive for Hepatitis B antibodies

A

Adaptive - Immunological memory

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9
Q

Determine whether each scenario is MOST LIKELY an example of innate or adaptive

Your punctured finger is red, swollen and painful

A

Innate - Inflammatory response

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10
Q

Determine whether each scenario is MOST LIKELY an example of innate or adaptive

Temperature of a 103 degrees Fahrenheit

A

Innate - Fever to hinder pathogens

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11
Q

Determine whether each scenario is MOST LIKELY an example of innate or adaptive

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are at work

A

Adaptive - Specific immune cells

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12
Q

What are the 2 categories of the Adaptive (specific) immune response?

A
  1. Humoral immunity
  2. Cell-mediated immunity
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13
Q

What does a humoral immune response consist of?

A

The activity of B-cells and the antibodies they produce

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14
Q

Which part of the adaptive immune response involves B cells?

A

Humoral

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15
Q

Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity?

A

Humoral

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16
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells?

A

Certain type of phagocytic cells of the immune system that seek out foreign cells and engulf them

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17
Q

What is antigen processing and presentation?

A

A way for a cell to display information about its activities

Ex. The phagocyte in antigen-presenting cells needs to show what they captured

The virus in the infected cell needs to show that it is infected

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18
Q

Why would a body cell that is not a phagocyte need to present antigens?

A

Non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus

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19
Q

How do phagocytes communicate to other cells what they have captured?

A

They present antigens from engulfed foreign cells

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20
Q

What are some examples of antigen-presenting cells?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Dendritic cells
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21
Q

Antigen-presenting cells have _________ that are used to present antigens on their surfaces

Collectively these ________ are called _______ which stands for ________________________

A

Antigen-presenting cells have two classes of special proteins that are used to present antigens on their surfaces

Collectively these proteins are called MHC which stands for Major histocompatibility complex

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22
Q

What are the different types of Classes of MHC proteins

A
  1. Class I MHC proteins
  2. Class II MHC proteins
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23
Q

What are Class I MHC proteins?

A

Proteins used to present antigens produced within the cell

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24
Q

What are Class II MHC proteins?

A

Proteins used to present antigens engulfed by antigen presenting cells

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25
Most of the other cells in the body including __________ are also able to ____________ However these cells only have the ______
Most of the other cells in the body including **infected cells** are also able to **present antigens** However these cells only have the **Class I MHC proteins**
26
Which structure do antigen presenting cells utilize to directly help them present bacterial antigens?
Phagolysosome; to break down bacterial components
27
Which of the following are likely to be found on an MHC-I protein? 1. Bacterial cell wall fragment 2. Bacterial DNA 3. Damaged mitochondrial fragment 4. Membranes from a neighboring dead host cell 5. Bacterial flagella
3. Damaged mitochondrial fragment; MHC-I proteins present endogenous antigens, typically fragments derived from within the cell, such as: - damaged mitochondrial fragments - or viral proteins produced in infected cells
28
What is likely to be found on an MHC-I protein?
Bacterial components like: - cell wall fragments - DNA - or flagella by antigen-presenting cells
29
What would a virally infected skin epithelial cell have on its cell surface? 1. Class II MHC with liver cell antigens 2. Class I MHC with skin cell antigens 3. Class II MHC with macrophage antigens 4. Class II MHC with viral antigens
2. Class I MHC with skin cell antigens
30
Antigens associated with ________ proteins originate from within the __________.
Antigens associated with **Class I MHC** proteins originate from within the **host cell.**
31
Which of the following would you likely see on the surface of a human dendritic cell following phagocytosis of a bacterium? 1. Class II MHC with dendritic cell antigens 2. Class II MHC with engulfed bacterial antigens 3. Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria 4. Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens
3. Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria
32
Tom has a genetic disorder in which he does not synthesize class I MHC proteins or functional NK cells. Which of the following statements would be true for Tom? 1. Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells. 2. Tom would be more susceptible to bacterial infections. 3. Tom would not be able to produce antibodies against viruses. 4. Tom would be less susceptible to helminth infections.
Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells; Class I MHC proteins are critical for presenting viral antigens to cytotoxic T cells, which destroy infected cells. Without Class I MHC or functional natural killer (NK) cells (which can kill cells lacking MHC I), Tom's immune system cannot effectively eliminate virally infected cells.
33
MHC proteins are used to present _____ on the surface of the cell
MHC proteins are used to present **peptides** on the surface of the cell
34
_________ enter the _______________ and are loaded onto ______ proteins The vesicles containing the ___________ complexes bud off of the ______________ and are released into the __________ Vesicles containing these complexes travel through the _______ to the ______________ delivering the complexes to the exterior of the cell
**Peptides** enter the **endoplasmic reticulum** and are loaded onto **MHC** proteins The vesicles containing the **MHC-peptide** complexes bud off of the **endoplasmic reticulum** and are released into the **cytosol** Vesicles containing these complexes travel through the **cytosol** to the **cytoplasmic membrane** delivering the complexes to the exterior of the cell
35
Where are MHC molecules located on a cell?
On the surface of the cell
36
What is a feature of the small fragments presented by MHC-I proteins?
They are small peptides, roughly 8-10 amino acids long.
37
Which organelle assists directly with the presentation of MHC-I antigens?
The endoplasmic reticulum
38
When does MHC-II loading occur? 1. During phagocytosis of an invading pathogen 2. After passing through the endoplasmic reticulum 3. During the fusion of vesicles containing MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens 4. During viral infection
3. During the fusion of vesicles containing MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens
39
Which of the cells listed below can present antigens on Class II MHC proteins? 1. Virus infected epithelial cells 2. Healthy epithelial cells 3. Tumor cells 4. Macrophages
4. Macrophages
40
At lease how many antigen-binding sites does each antibody have?
2; allowing antibodies to bind to more than one microbial cell resulting in **agglutination or clumping**
41
How does agglutination by antibodies help the body?
It helps remove microorganisms from the body
42
Antibodies can neutralize ____, _______, & ______ By binding to _______________________ or blocking proteins necessary for _____________
Antibodies can neutralize **toxins**, **viruses**, & **Bacteria** By binding to **critical portions of the toxin** or blocking proteins necessary for **attachment to cells**
43
Antibodies also act as ________ for phagocytosis and activate the ____________ system.
Antibodies also act as **opsonins** for phagocytosis and activate the **complement** system.
44
What makes agglutination by antibodies possible?
Each antibody has at least two antigen-binding sites
45
What is the role of plasma cells in humoral immunity?
Plasma cells produce antibodies
46
Which of the following most accurately describes how a pathogenic bacterium might be affected by antibodies? 1. The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host. 2. The antibodies may coat the surface of the bacteria (opsonization), allowing for it to be tagged for phagocytosis. 3. The antibodies may stick to multiple bacteria, causing agglutination. 4. The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host, may opsonize the bacterium, or may agglutinate bacteria.
4. The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host, may opsonize the bacterium, or may agglutinate bacteria; Antibodies can have multiple effects on pathogenic bacteria they can: - block adhesion to host cells (neutralization) - mark the bacteria for phagocytosis (opsonization) - and cause bacteria to clump together (agglutination) all of which help the immune system eliminate the pathogen.
47
Each helper T-cell produces a unique _____________________ which corresponds to a specific antigen
Each helper T-cell produces a unique **T-cell receptor (TCR)** which corresponds to a specific antigen
48
What is a receptor that each helper T-cell displays on its surface?
CD4; which recognizes the MHC molecules of antigen-presenting cells
49
When the helper T-cell encounters and antigen-presenting cell with an antigen displayed in a MHC molecule, it signals the antigen-presenting cell to release what?
Interleukin-1 ; The IL-1 stimulates the helper T-cell to produce IL-2 as well as IL-2 receptors
50
After IL-2 and IL-2 receptors are produced the helper T-cell can then autostimulate itself __________
keeping it active as it proliferates (rapidly increase in number and grow)
51
Once a helper T-cell becomes activated what happens?
It proliferates, forming a clone of cells specific to the same antigen Some of these helper T-cells differentiate into long lived **memory T-cells** but most mature to produce **cytokines** to help with the immune response
52
What are the two subpopulations that the helper T-cells differentiate into?
TH1 cells : produce cytokines that **activate the cells of cell-mediated immunity** (cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, NK cells) TH2 cells: produce cytokines that **activate the B-cells involved in humoral immunity**
53
Which receptor on the helper T-cell recognizes the specific antigen from an antigen-presenting cell?
TCR (T-cell receptor)
54
TH2 cells produce cytokines that activate what?
B-cells
55
Which proteins on the antigen-presenting cell are recognized by the helper T-cell?
MHC; Class II proteins
56
When do helper T-cells develop into TH1 or TH2 cells?
After proliferation into a clonal population
57
Natural killer cells are activated by what?
TH1 cells
58
What is clonal selection?
The process of B-cell activation; a B-cells with a specific antigen receptor recognizes an antigen this cell proliferates to produce a multitude of cells (clone of cells) differentiate into **memory B-cells and plasma cells**
59
What is clonal expansion?
When the cell proliferates to produce a multitude of cells (called clone of cells) and differentiates into **memory B-cells and plasma cells**
60
The antibodies produced by the plasma cells bind to antigens to produce the _________ response
The antibodies produced by the plasma cells bind to antigens to produce the **humoral** response antibodies IgM IgG
61
In the simplest form of B-cell activation, and antigen called a ______________ antigen enters the _______________ and binds to a B-cell receptor (BCR) on the surface of the B-cell
In the simplest form of B-cell activation, and antigen called a **T-independent** antigen enters the **lymphatic tissue** and binds to a B-cell receptor (BCR) on the surface of the B-cell
62
The BCR on a particular B-cell are _______ and very specific to ________ antigen(s)
The BCR on a particular B-cell are **identical** and very specific to **just one** antigen
63
Once the BCR binds to the _____________ antigen, the B-cells becomes ________ and is _____________
Once the BCR binds to the **T-independent** antigen, the B-cells becomes **activated** and is **now ready to proliferate**
64
B-cell is now ready to proliferate, however most antigens are not potent enough to activate B-cells by themselves. In these cases what will the B-cell require?
In these cases the B-cell will require a **second opinion form a helper T-cell** to become activated by releasing **cytokines** These antigens are called **T-dependent antigens**
65
After a B-cell proliferates or divides what do the B-cells differentiate into?
1. **Some** become long- lived **Memory B-cells** 2. **Most** become **plasma cells** which secrete antibodies against the antigen that activated them These antibodies can enter the bloodstream and travel throughout the body
66
Plasma cells live for ________________ but each one can produce about _______ antibodies every second
Plasma cells live for **only a few days** but each one can produce about **2000** antibodies every second
67
What best characterizes clonal selection?
The production of identical B cells producing the same antibody
68
What is produced by the process of clonal expansion?
Plasma cells & memory B cells
69
An antigen that **is** potent enough to activate a B cell on its own is known as?
T-**in**dependent antigens
70
Based on the animation, T cells recognized the antigen displayed by what protein of the B cell?
MHC protein
71
How can a sufficient humoral immune response occur if a plasma cell only lives for a few days?
Each plasma cell can produce up to 2000 antibodies every second
72
After the first exposure to an antigen there is a ______ in which the exposed person's ________ does not contain any detectable antibodies
After the first exposure to an antigen there is a **lag period** in which the exposed person's **serum** does not contain any detectable antibodies
73
The primary immune response involves:
When after several days of being exposed to an antigen the **concentration of antibodies slowly rises, followed by a gradual decline**
74
For approximately how many days is IgG present in the serum?
10 days
75
On what day does IgM first appear?
Day 5
76
What is the secondary immune response? aka, memory response or anamnestic response
When after the B-cells differentiate into long lived **memory cells** if they become **stimulated by the original antigen**, even years later, they rapidly **produce antibody-secreting plasma cells** **Faster and stronger response**
77
Which cells are involved in a secondary response?
Memory B cells and plasma cells
78
How is the secondary response different from the primary response in terms of antibody concentration in the blood?
The secondary response is faster and produces more antibodies than the primary response
79
On which day does the production of IgG occur in the secondary response?
Day 5
80
An anamnestic response is another name for what?
Secondary response
81
In regard to antibody function, identify the MISMATCHED pair. 1. opsonization = simulates phagocytosis 2. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity = target cell dies by apoptosis 3. neutralization = covering a critical portion of a toxin so that it is no longer harmful 4. agglutination = antibodies bind microbes to the vessel walls inhibiting spread of the microbe
4. agglutination = antibodies bind microbes to the vessel walls inhibiting spread of the microbe; Agglutination causes soluble molecules to become insoluble, which may target them for phagocytosis or filtering by the kidneys.
82
When a cytotoxic T cell encounters an infected cell with a specific antigen bound in an MHC molecule, it produces receptors for what?
IL-2; and other cytokines such as gamma interferon, IFN-y (gamma)
83
Cytotoxic T- cell can be activated by what?
Cytokines from activated helper T cells
84
What is one pathway cytotoxic T cells can destroy infected cells?
Perforin-granzyme cytotoxic pathway: T cells secretes 2 kinds of protein molecules: perforin and granzyme
85
What do perforin and granzyme do?
Perforin: forms a pore in the membrane of the target cell allowing granzyme to enter the cell Granzyme: activates the enzymes inside the cell leading to programmed apoptosis (cell death)
86
What is apoptosis?
The process of programmed cell death
87
What is the function of the CD8 receptor?
Bind to MHC molecules
88
What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells?
They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen Some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells While others mature to attack infected cells
89
Which molecule triggers apoptosis?
Granzyme
90
Which event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation?
CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells

Biology 260 (38 decks)

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