Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 260 > Unit 7 & 8 Lecture > Flashcards

Unit 7 & 8 Lecture Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List 6 innate defenses that you might find in several different body systems

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Mucous membranes (barrier, 1st line of defense)
  3. Normal microbiota
  4. Interferon (immune cells)
  5. Complement
  6. Inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which 3 body systems have mucous membranes as a defense?

A
  1. Respiratory system
  2. Digestive system
  3. Reproductive system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is mucous and or mucous membranes an important part of the immune system? What line of defense?

A
  1. First line of defense (barrier) chemicals inhibit entities trying to enter out body
  2. Importance
    a. protection
    b. secretes chemicals
    c. sloughing (shed and removes entities)
    d. microbiota

has lysozymes, breaks down things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phagocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells) line of defense?

A

Second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which 4 body systems have normal microbiota as a defense?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Digestive
  3. Respiratory (nose)
  4. Reproductive (specifically female)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What role does the normal microbiota work in out immune system? What line of defense?

A
  1. First line of defense
  2. Role
    a. competition against pathogens for resources (microbial antagonism)
    b. stimulates second line of defense (antimicrobial substances) — trains the immune system

mutualistic relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of each virulence factor?

A

Coagulase: clotting of blood or fibrinogen, allows microorganisms to hide from phagocytes

Hemolysin: breaks down red blood cells releasing iron which bacteria uses as an iron source

Hyaluronidase & Collagenase: holds cells together in connective tissues, work together to degrade hyaluronic acid and collagen makes it easier for microorganism to invade tissues

Type III secretion systems: disrupts metabolism in eukaryotic cells and allows bacteria to attach, bacteria can then secrete infectious related proteins to promote infection and suppress the host immune response tells eukaryotic cells to increase uptake of microorganisms, decrease cells division of host cells and increase apoptosis (cell suicide) in macrophages and other cells

M protein: act as an adhesion, bind fibrinogen to prevent or inhibit phagocytosis, help with invasion into the body (S. pyogenes)

Streptokinase: digests blood clots or fibrin, allows microorganisms to invade the tissues in our body

Capsule: used to evade the immune system, and white blood cells to prevent phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some ways that pathogens can avoid phagocytosis?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Mycolic acid (waxy cell wall causes mycobacterium to grown inside macrophages, can hide)
  3. Leukocidins (pore forming toxin that destroys neutrophils, and other white blood cells (NK cells, cytotoxic T cells) degrade lysosome
  4. M proteins (bind to fibrinogen to act like adhesion, prevent phagocytosis and helping invasion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If the adhesion gene in E.coli is mutated in such a way that make it ineffective, then what would be the effect?

A

Attachment is the first step

no attach -> no infect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sweat glands in armpits

A

Armpits are moist neutral pH environment

bacteria grows best in this environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vulnerability to infection with impaired circulation

A

Circulatory problems disrupts the inflammation response, phagocytes and complement to get to area of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Innate immune response

A

First line of defense & second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

third line of defense

specificity
molecular recognition
activated by a specific pathogen
unresponsive to self
memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do responses work together?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Skin syndrome why is this a disease

A

first line) skin is barrier
breached

microorganisms can enter the body

(second line) could remove phagocytes which eat invaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

E. coli in colon/intestine vs. other parts of the body

A

it is no longer policed by the other members of the microbiome and will induce an immune response when it gets past the barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Microbiome importance

germ free vs have microbiota

A

benefits: mutualistic roles -> vitamin deficiency

have to provide essential nutrients

susceptible to real world environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Toll like receptors (TLR’s)

A

Bind to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP’s) (peptidoglycan, gram + bacteria)

(LPS of gram -, flagella

viruses- ss and ds RNA)

Are membrane proteins on phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of TLR’s?

A

Recognize general markers about “foreign attackers”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If TLR fails to recognize PAMP’s then what might happen?

A

phagocytes can’t recognize the PAMP’s

this disrupts the second line of defense which is part of the innate immune system and it fails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

NOD proteins

A

another set or receptors for PAMP’s

located in the cytoplasm can trigger inflammation, apoptosis, and other innate responses

linked to Chrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

“eating by a cell”

second line of defense

non-specific response to a pathogen detected via TLR’s

a way to get rid of pathogens that have gotten past the first line of defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the steps in phagocytosis

A

chemotaxis (follow chemical trail to pathogen)

adhesion (complement protein or antibody)

ingestion (endocytosis)

maturation (phagolysosome acidic pH kills organisms)
killing

elimination (exocytosis)

24
Q

Neutrophils kill by:

A

Phagocytosis

creating chemicals such as hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide to kill

creating NET’s (with antimicrobial peptides) from nuclear + cytoplasmic components then committing suicide releasing NETs, trapping/killing microbes

25
Q

If a patients WBC count is high esp in eosinophils, then what is most likely the type of infection that the patient has?

A

Parasitic worm

or allergic reactions

26
Q

High neutrophil counts? and total leukocytes

A

bacterial infection

27
Q

High lymphocyte count?

A

viral infection

28
Q

What is inflammation?

A

non specific response to tissue damage from various causes (burn, pathogens, etc.)

29
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation ?

A

second line of defense

migration of phagocytes (to site of infection)

tissue repair

prevent spread of infection

increase blood flow

ex. prostaglandins

30
Q

What are the 4 signs and symptoms of inflammation?

A

redness (rubor)

localized heat (calor)

swelling (edema)

pain (dolor)

chemicals:

histamine causes dilation in the blood vessels and causes redness and heat

prostaglandins and leukotrienes leak fluid from the blood into the tissues causing swelling or pain

31
Q

Not a sign or symptom of inflammation

A

fever

32
Q

4 main vasodilating chemical mediators

A

bradykinin
prostaglandins
leukotriene
histamines

33
Q

What triggers inflammation besides tissue damage?

What is complement’s role in inflammation?

A

Triggers:

Complement: specific complement proteins involved in inducing inflammation response to some extent
C5a, C3a, and C4a

34
Q

What would happen if you had a mutation that prevents production of bradykinin?

A

decrease in vasodilation which leads to decrease in inflammation response

decrease prostaglandins concentration

other inflammation routes:

could rely on leukotrienes released by macrophages to dilate veins

could rely on histamines released by basophils and mast cells to dilate arteries

35
Q

Complement pathways leads to

A

1) inflammation
2) opsonization recruiting phagocytes and increasing phagocytosis
3) the formation of MAC’s which leads to cell lysis

36
Q

Don’t produce C3? C5?

A

No C3 -> no functional complement cascade (no opsonization, inflammation, MAC formation) phagocytosis

No C5 -> no MACs; but can make C3a (inflammation) and C3b (opsonization)

37
Q

C8 and C9 no synthesis

C3 and C5 inactivated

A

C8 and C9 no synthesis: prevent MAC formation which is effective against gram - bacteria

but complement proteins C3a C3b and C5b contributes to inflammation, opsonization, recruiting phagocytes. so this can serve to attack gram + and gram - bacteria

C3 and C5 inactivated: more susceptible to bacterial pathogens

38
Q

No synthesis of C8

A

Can’t make MAC

but luckily she has C3a, C3b, and C5b that can induce inflammation, opsonization, and recruitment of phagocytes

39
Q

Would MAC’s be effective against viruses?

A

MAC’s can be effective against an envelope virus

40
Q

Pus from pimple from early or late infection?

A

dead tissue and dead leukocytes

neutrophils arrive at site of infection first, fight and then die

monocytes arrive then matures into macrophages, fight and keep fighting

lots of macrophages + few neutrophils = infection winding down

so late stages of infection

41
Q

How do aspirin and ibuprofen act to reduce fever?

Should you take fever reducing drugs or let a fever run its course?

A

Act:
aspirin blocks COX enzymes that reduces prostaglandins production -> reduce body temperature

Drugs: low grade fever should run its course because the higher temperature may inhibit growth of pathogens

42
Q

Unit 8: what comes to mind?

MHC I
MHC II
Antigens
Antibodies
Fab
Fc
BCR
TCR
CD4
CD8
Clonal selection
Clonal expansion
ADCC
Tc action

A

MHC I: what is happening inside

MHC II: what is happening on the outside of the cell

Antigens: immune response

Antibodies: Ig’s

Fab: binds to antigen

Fc: stem

BCR: made before encountering any antigen

TCR: MHC I and MHC II

CD4: found on T-helper cells

CD8: found on cytotoxic T cells

Clonal selection: when you make contact with the antigen or epitope

Clonal expansion: when you divide and differentiate after being selected or activated

ADCC: antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity, apoptosis

Tc action: effector cytotoxic T cells, apoptosis virus

43
Q

Unit 8
MHC-I on B cells would be used to present _____

A

Endogenous antigens, peptides originating from within the cell

viral peptides or cancer peptides

44
Q

Unit 8

T or F
Dendritic cells can be presenting more than one epitope at an given moment

A

True;

endogenous on MHC I and exogenous of MHC II

45
Q

Unit 8

Dendritic cells present epitope to ____ cells

A

T- helper cells;

B cells relay their information to T helper cells because B cells can recognize foreign agents using their BCR’s and engulf them and process them into specific epitopes to present to T helper cells

46
Q

Unit 8

B cells have which MHC?

A

MHC I: since they’re on all cells, nucleated cells, except RBC’s

and MHC II: because they have a role as an antigen presenting cell

47
Q

Unit 8

B cells detect epitope with their ______

A

BCR

48
Q

Unit 8

T or F

B cells can recognize their epitope before they ever encounter it

A

True;

B cells are randomly made through rearrangements of the genes that are involved in making parts of the BCR in hopes that one of the combinations will meet its “soulmate”

49
Q

Unit 8

T helper cells have which 3 things on cell surface?

A

MHC I: because they are a nucleated cell and gives immune system an idea if any of our cells have problems

CD4: glycoproteins on a specific immune cell that helps coordinate the immune response by acting as a co-receptor on the T helper cell, immune cell marker

TCR: because this is how they recognize processed antigens or epitopes presented by MHC II on an antigen presenting cell

50
Q

Unit 8

What is used by Th to present their normal epitopes?

A

MHC I: because MHC I are on all nucleated cell and it tells the immune system is that particular cell is functioning properly or not

51
Q

Unit 8

What is used by Th to detect MHC II presenting epitope?

A

TCR: binds to the processed antigen or epitope presented to it by the antigen presenting cell via the antigen presenting cells MHC II

CD4: glycoproteins that acts and a co receptor, it will lock the TCR processed antigen MHC II into place
its like a second key for a safe deposit box

52
Q

Unit 8

T or F

TLR can detect the same epitope as BCR

A

False;

the TLR only recognize general PAMP’s not specific to epitopes that the BCR does

53
Q

Unit 8

Dendritic cells infected with a replicating virus present antigen on _____

A

MHC I: used to tell other immune cells its health status

54
Q

Unit 8

If you looked on the cell surface of cells of the innate (eg. macrophages) vs. that of the adaptive (eg. B or T cells), then how could yo u tell the difference between the two?

A

In an innate immune response specifically like macrophages they will have Toll like receptors (TLR’s)

Adaptive immune response (B cells or T cells) will have BC’s or TCR’s depending upon which cell you’re looking at

55
Q

Unit 8

A

B cells: Humoral immunity – B cells produce antibodies, which are a hallmark of humoral immunity.
Helper T cells: Cellular immunity – They assist other immune cells (both humoral and cellular) by releasing cytokines but are part of the cellular immune response.
Cytotoxic T cells: Cellular immunity – They directly attack and kill infected or abnormal cells, a key aspect of cellular immunity.

Biology 260 (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions