Unit 8 Flashcards
Personality
sum total of a persons relative consistent organized and unique thoughts/reactions to the environment
ex: mrs.cramer is not always quiet but only in some environments
Influences on Personality
Environment: school, friends, birth order
Genetics
Barnum effects
tendency of individuals to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate
ex: astrology, palm reading, tarot cards
Personality across the life span
individual personality traits tend to become stable around middle adulthood
Psychoanalytic theory
unconscious mind
3 energies of the mind
Sigmund Freud
3 energies of the mind (not parts)
ID, Superego, and EGO
ID (not aware)
Unconscious
Pleasure principal
“I want”
Immediate gratification + desires
sex + aggression
Superego
Preconscious
Morality principal
consciences - source of guilt
striving for perfection
EGO
Conscious
Reality Principal
Has to make a decision
Balance ID and Superego
Defense Mechanism
Way of meditating between ID and Superego
Egos way of defending
Stems form the unconscious level
Denial
refusing to accept he obvious situation because of the emotional pain it causes
ex: saying something didn’t happen
Displacement
taking out one’s emotions on a person or object that’s not the cause of offense
ex: being mad at a parent but taking it out on your siblings
Projection
casting the feelings you have to another person
ex: saying someone else is feeling jealous when you’re feeling jealous
Rationalization
making logical excuses for illogical behavior
Reaction Formation
acting the opposite of the way you feel
Regression
reverting to childlike behavior to get the attention you got when you were younger or to get your way
ex: sucking your thumb when you’re stressed
Repression
unconsciously forgetting information that’s too painful
- you don’t remember
- trauma
Sublimation
using exercises or physical activity as a substitute for sexual energy
Defense Mechanisms
- Way of meditating between the id and the superego
- Egos way of defending itself
- Stems from the unconscious level
Psychosexual Development
redirecting sexual energy
Libido
sexual energy
Oral
Infants pleasure seeking comes from the mouth
Anal
Pleasure seeking is in the anus
ex: potty training
Phallic
Genitals
Oedipal
little boys sexual desire for their mom
Electra
little girls sexual desire for their dads
Fear of Castration
little boys scared of being castrated
Penis Envy
little girls realize they lack a penis, they feel “castrated” in comparison to males.
Latency
Sublimation (a defense mechanism)
Genitals
Puberty
Fixation
unresolved conflict that may occur if you’re left at a certain stage
Freudian Slip
When you say something you didn’t mean
ex: Ross saying Rachel instead of Emily at the alter
Neo-Freudian
took Freud ideas and expanded them
- Carl Jung
- Alfred Adler
- Karen Horney
Carl Jung
Personal/Collective Unconscious
Personal Unconscious
painful memories and thoughts a person doesn’t want to confront; your own personal memories
-Carl Jung
Collective Unconscious
- passed down through a species, inherited universal
concepts that we all share as humans - These concepts are called archetypes
- Carl Jung
Archetypes
- Shadow
- Anima/animus
- Persona
- Carl Jung
Shadow
repressed desires and drives; your “dark” side
- Carl Jung
Anima/Animus
feminine side of men; masculine side of women
- Carl Jung
Persona
face you present to the world
- Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
individual psychology
inferiority and superiority complex
Individual Psychology
- focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority
- Alfred Adler
Inferiority Complex
chronic feelings of inadequacy and insecurity, and the desire to achieve
Superiority Complex
people mask their fears of being inferior by acting superior
Karen Horney
the influence of the parent child relationship
Coping mechanism
moving (against/toward/away) from people
Karen Horney
Trait Theory
enduring and stable characteristics that provoke a person to act consistently
ex: honesty, anxiety, shyness
Gordon Allport
common trait
special traits
disposition - cardinal/central/secondary
Common trait
- universal, cultural, learned
- Gordon Allport
Special traits
- individual, unique to you
- Gordon Allport
Disposition
collective way a person thinks - behavior
Cardinal disposition
1-2 traits that’s effect everything about you
ex: mother teresa - she was giving
Gordon Allport
Central disposition
5-10 tendencies of a person
Gordon Allport
Secondary Disposition
likes + dislikes
ex: your favorite food
Eysenck
(personality traits)
Introversion - Introvert - Internal
Extroversion - Extrovert - External
Minnesota Twin Study
3 inherited traits:
- how well they get along (others)
- how traditional they are (religious)
- how comfortable you are (anxiety level)
Big 5 personality factors
Costa + McRae (NEO PI-3)
- Openess to experience
- Consciousness (Responsibility)
- Extraversion/Extroversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism (stability)
Openness to experiences (low vs high)
low: routines
high: curious
Consciousness/Responsibility
(low vs high)
low: disorganised
high: dependable
Extroversion
(low vs high)
low: introvert
high: extrovert
Neuroticism/Stability
(low vs high)
low: calm, even tempered
high: anxious
Agreeableness
(low vs high)
low: uncooperative
high: helpful, trusting
Big Five
- shown to apply to people in many countries
- most personality trait is can be derived from the 5 major traits
-represents a continuum
Behaviorism
Learning/Operant Conditioning
- Skinner
- Bandura
Skinner
Behaviorism
cause/effect
only observable/measurable behavior
reinforcement
Bandura
Behaviorism
Social Learning Theory
Modeling: Bobo dolls - social model
Big 5 was developed by
Empirical favors analysis of trait descriptors (data + measurable)
Humanism
Free will
Maslow
Carl Rogers
Maslow
hierarchy of needs
Carl Rogers
- people can be self-actualized w growth climate (positive psychology)
- Phenomenological fields
- people act on self (self-concept)
Positive psychology
genuineness, empathy, acceptance
Carl Rogers
Phenomenological fields
all conscious + unconscious experience
Carl Rogers
Regards
positive - approval
unconditional positive regard - acceptance
conditions of worth - acceptance if…
Carl Rogers
Ideal Self vs Real Self
Carl Rogers
- Ideal self: wish to be
- Real self: the truth of who you are (organism)
Congruence
- Carl Rogers
- difference between reality and self ex: anorexia - don’t see their real self
Social Cognitive
- Bandura (social learning theory)
- included cognitive process
Self efficacy
beliefs people have about the effectiveness of their behavior
ex: my studying is effective
Reciprocal determinism
mutual influence of external stimuli + cognitive process regulating behavior
- 3 factors included (personal, environmental, behavior)
3 factors of influence
-Personal: attitude; values, personality
ex: child doesn’t like school
-Environmental: actions of others
ex: teacher doesn’t like student
-Behavior itself
ex: child acting out during school
Julia Rotter
Expectancy Theory
- We learn what to expect in different situations
- Our behavior is governed by those expectations
- Your beliefs in your abilities
Psychoanalysis evaluation
hard to test
low reliability
no science
Neo-Freudian evaluation
not based off sound science
Trait Evaluations
It’s not consistent
situational
does it stay consider over time and across situations
Behaviorist Evaluations
doesn’t deal with people emotions
just science (humans are not puppets)
Humanist Evaluation
naive and optimistic
