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AP Psych > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

needs + desire that energizes us and directs behaviors towards a goal

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2
Q

Instinct

A

an innate (biological) species-specific biological force that impels an organism to do something

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3
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitters associated with the reward seeking behavior + with the feeling of wanting something

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4
Q

Primary

A

necessary for survival
(food, water, sleep, air, sex (reproduction))

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5
Q

Physiology of Hunger

A

Physical Hunger

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6
Q

Internal Cues

A

brain + body chemistry

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7
Q

Brain

A

Lateral + Ventromedial hypothalamus

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8
Q

Glucose

A

when low we feel hungry
pancrease, insulin level, feel hungry

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9
Q

Appetite hormones

A

Ghrelin
Orexin
Leptin

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10
Q

Ghrelin

A

increases
released by an empty stomach

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11
Q

Orexin

A

hunger trigg is hormones release by hypothalamus

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12
Q

Leptin

A

decreases
protein hormones secreted by fat cells when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

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13
Q

Body Set Point

A

regulating mechanism of body weight
people will lose weight but go back to a certain point

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14
Q

Psychology of Hunger

A

Boredom, stress, sensation situations

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15
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

surveys and interviews (females)

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16
Q

Masters and Johnson

A

used direct observation

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17
Q

Sexual Motivation

A

Biological Influences
Psychological Influences
Sociocultural Influences

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18
Q

Stimulus

A

not necessarily for survival but innate (biological) (exploration, curiosity)

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19
Q

Need for Affection

A

Harlow Study - contact comfort (need for contact as it gives comfort)

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20
Q

Need for Exploration/Curiosity

A

Be curious (not needed for survival but it is biological)

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21
Q

Secondary Motivations

A

learned, power, achievements

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22
Q

Need to belong/afflictions

A

Feeling the need to belong and be part of the group (not the same for everyone)

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23
Q

FOMO/ostracism

A

fear of missing out
you’re intentionally leaving people out
(social media has an effect on FOMO)

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24
Q

Need for achievement

A

not the same for everyone

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25
Q

High Achievement

A

more successful
like mildly difficult task

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26
Q

Horner Study

A

differences between men and women
women have a fear of success

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27
Q

McClelland research

A

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
see pictures
way to measure achievement

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28
Q

Bloom Research

A

Not natural talent to be successful and it is infact drive + determination, discipline

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29
Q

Outliers

A

10,000 hours to be good at something

30
Q

Grit

A

drive with long term goals

31
Q

Self Actualization

A

finding full potential

32
Q

Evolutionary Theory

A

replaced instinct theory
based on natural selection
motivation: to survive
adapt behaviors to at help us live

33
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

biological, physiological
focus: inner pushes and external pulls interact to drive our behaviors
needs to satisfy the drive

34
Q

What does drive reduction theory say

A

we have needs, drives, and behaviors

our physiological needs create a state that motivates an organism to satisfy that need doing a behavior we should reach homeostasis

35
Q

Optimal Arousal Theory

A

Stimulation
focus: finding the right level of stimulation organism tries to find behaviors that increase arousal because everything else bored them
there’s an optimal level of arousal

36
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

suggest moderate arousal can lead to optimal performance
about: the relationship between performance and arousal

37
Q

Easy Task vs Hard Task

A

Easy task - high level of arousal
Hard task - lower level of arousal

38
Q

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

A

it’s a process without basic needs met you can’t really do the other things

your focus shifts once your basic needs are met

39
Q

Maslow Hierarchy

A

Bottom - physiological needs
safety needs
Middle - psychological needs belongingness and esteem
Top - Self fulfillment (self actualization achieving goals you set your mind too)

40
Q

Incentives

A

drive us towards or away from the behavior we want
can be positive or negative but it impacts behavior

41
Q

Incentive Theory

A

argues that behavior is primarily extrinsically motivated
ppl are motivated to perform activities if they receive a reward after

42
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

when you do something for yourself

43
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

doing something for an external factor
intrinsic motivation is stronger and drives you farther

44
Q

Over justification effect

A

when external factor decreases the intrinsic motivation
basically external becomes more important than intrinsic motivation

45
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

Motivation is produced from internal conflict
motivated by the need to reduce this tension

46
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

belief and behavior conflict

47
Q

Change belief or behavior

A

is based on internal conflict

48
Q

Emotions

A

physiological arousal, cognition, behavior

49
Q

Bodily changes associated with emotional responses

A

limbic system
autonomic nervous system

50
Q

Physiological changes

A

body, sweat, temperature increasing, crying

51
Q

Facial Expression

A

Paul Ekman

52
Q

Universal

A

reveal a variety of basic emotions

53
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis (cross cultural comparison)

A

expression evokes emotions

54
Q

Behavior Feedback Phenomenon

A

motions awaken emotions

55
Q

Display rules

A

cross cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

56
Q

Stress and Health Psychology

A

developed by Hans Selye

57
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

1) Alarm Reaction (fight or flight) adrenaline released, physiological response
2) Resistance (body tries to fight stressor) irritability, frustration, poor concentration
3) Exhaustion (Physical problems appear) anxiety, depression, fatigue, breakdown

58
Q

Hans Selye

A

conducted a study measuring cortisol levels + blood sugar level in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions

59
Q

Psycho physiological illnesses

A

stress related illnesses: high blood pressure, migraines, stroke, heart attack

60
Q

Stress can cause heart dieases because

A

Cortisol released stress reduces the flexibility of blood vessels and heart has to work harder

61
Q

Chronic stress can

A

decrease functioning of the body immune system

62
Q

Lymphocytes

A

a form of a white blood cell
one of the body main type of immune cells defense the bodies lymphocytes

63
Q

Type A

A

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone

64
Q

Type B

A

easy going and relaxed

65
Q

Julian Rotter: Locus of Control

A

belief about the cause of what happens to us

Internal (we control)
External (fate)

66
Q

Galvanic Skin Responses (GSR)

A

Pupil of the eye - pleasure (dilate), disgust (constricts)
Polygraph - detects your emotion
(lie detector)

67
Q

Other way to measure emotions

A

Facial expressions, posture, gestures, brain activity

68
Q

Motivational conflicts

A

approach - approach - choose between 2 good things
approach - avoidance - one goal w both bad and good things
avoidance - avoidance - choose between 2 bad things

69
Q

Psychological Influences

A

external stimulation (magazines)

70
Q

Sociocultural Influences

A

not just hormones but like family, religion, experiences

AP Psych (10 decks)

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