Unit 4 Flashcards
Motivation
needs + desire that energizes us and directs behaviors towards a goal
Instinct
an innate (biological) species-specific biological force that impels an organism to do something
Dopamine
neurotransmitters associated with the reward seeking behavior + with the feeling of wanting something
Primary
necessary for survival
(food, water, sleep, air, sex (reproduction))
Physiology of Hunger
Physical Hunger
Internal Cues
brain + body chemistry
Brain
Lateral + Ventromedial hypothalamus
Glucose
when low we feel hungry
pancrease, insulin level, feel hungry
Appetite hormones
Ghrelin
Orexin
Leptin
Ghrelin
increases
released by an empty stomach
Orexin
hunger trigg is hormones release by hypothalamus
Leptin
decreases
protein hormones secreted by fat cells when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
Body Set Point
regulating mechanism of body weight
people will lose weight but go back to a certain point
Psychology of Hunger
Boredom, stress, sensation situations
Alfred Kinsey
surveys and interviews (females)
Masters and Johnson
used direct observation
Sexual Motivation
Biological Influences
Psychological Influences
Sociocultural Influences
Stimulus
not necessarily for survival but innate (biological) (exploration, curiosity)
Need for Affection
Harlow Study - contact comfort (need for contact as it gives comfort)
Need for Exploration/Curiosity
Be curious (not needed for survival but it is biological)
Secondary Motivations
learned, power, achievements
Need to belong/afflictions
Feeling the need to belong and be part of the group (not the same for everyone)
FOMO/ostracism
fear of missing out
you’re intentionally leaving people out
(social media has an effect on FOMO)
Need for achievement
not the same for everyone
High Achievement
more successful
like mildly difficult task
Horner Study
differences between men and women
women have a fear of success
McClelland research
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
see pictures
way to measure achievement
Bloom Research
Not natural talent to be successful and it is infact drive + determination, discipline
Outliers
10,000 hours to be good at something
Grit
drive with long term goals
Self Actualization
finding full potential
Evolutionary Theory
replaced instinct theory
based on natural selection
motivation: to survive
adapt behaviors to at help us live
Drive Reduction Theory
biological, physiological
focus: inner pushes and external pulls interact to drive our behaviors
needs to satisfy the drive
What does drive reduction theory say
we have needs, drives, and behaviors
our physiological needs create a state that motivates an organism to satisfy that need doing a behavior we should reach homeostasis
Optimal Arousal Theory
Stimulation
focus: finding the right level of stimulation organism tries to find behaviors that increase arousal because everything else bored them
there’s an optimal level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
suggest moderate arousal can lead to optimal performance
about: the relationship between performance and arousal
Easy Task vs Hard Task
Easy task - high level of arousal
Hard task - lower level of arousal
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
it’s a process without basic needs met you can’t really do the other things
your focus shifts once your basic needs are met
Maslow Hierarchy
Bottom - physiological needs
safety needs
Middle - psychological needs belongingness and esteem
Top - Self fulfillment (self actualization achieving goals you set your mind too)
Incentives
drive us towards or away from the behavior we want
can be positive or negative but it impacts behavior
Incentive Theory
argues that behavior is primarily extrinsically motivated
ppl are motivated to perform activities if they receive a reward after
Intrinsic motivation
when you do something for yourself
Extrinsic motivation
doing something for an external factor
intrinsic motivation is stronger and drives you farther
Over justification effect
when external factor decreases the intrinsic motivation
basically external becomes more important than intrinsic motivation
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Motivation is produced from internal conflict
motivated by the need to reduce this tension
Cognitive Dissonance
belief and behavior conflict
Change belief or behavior
is based on internal conflict
Emotions
physiological arousal, cognition, behavior
Bodily changes associated with emotional responses
limbic system
autonomic nervous system
Physiological changes
body, sweat, temperature increasing, crying
Facial Expression
Paul Ekman
Universal
reveal a variety of basic emotions
Facial feedback hypothesis (cross cultural comparison)
expression evokes emotions
Behavior Feedback Phenomenon
motions awaken emotions
Display rules
cross cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions
Stress and Health Psychology
developed by Hans Selye
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
1) Alarm Reaction (fight or flight) adrenaline released, physiological response
2) Resistance (body tries to fight stressor) irritability, frustration, poor concentration
3) Exhaustion (Physical problems appear) anxiety, depression, fatigue, breakdown
Hans Selye
conducted a study measuring cortisol levels + blood sugar level in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions
Psycho physiological illnesses
stress related illnesses: high blood pressure, migraines, stroke, heart attack
Stress can cause heart dieases because
Cortisol released stress reduces the flexibility of blood vessels and heart has to work harder
Chronic stress can
decrease functioning of the body immune system
Lymphocytes
a form of a white blood cell
one of the body main type of immune cells defense the bodies lymphocytes
Type A
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone
Type B
easy going and relaxed
Julian Rotter: Locus of Control
belief about the cause of what happens to us
Internal (we control)
External (fate)
Galvanic Skin Responses (GSR)
Pupil of the eye - pleasure (dilate), disgust (constricts)
Polygraph - detects your emotion
(lie detector)
Other way to measure emotions
Facial expressions, posture, gestures, brain activity
Motivational conflicts
approach - approach - choose between 2 good things
approach - avoidance - one goal w both bad and good things
avoidance - avoidance - choose between 2 bad things
Psychological Influences
external stimulation (magazines)
Sociocultural Influences
not just hormones but like family, religion, experiences
