Unit 2 Flashcards
Neurons
responsible for receiving, processing and transmitting info throughout the body — billions of nurture
Dendrites
receive messages and are at the very end of the neurons
Receptor Sites
On the dendrites and receive neuro transmitters
Axon
where the message moves along/being send along
is located in the middle
Myelin sheath
covering around the Axon
how fast the message can be sent
thicker the myelin sheath = faster the msg is moving
Glial cells
No action potential but still is a nerve cell
make up the myelin and provide nutrients and support
Node of Rarwier
located in gaps between the myelin covering the Axon
action potential travels down and lets the message travel from foster and skips spaces
Terminal button
constrains synaptic vesicle (holds the neuro transmitter)
Synaps
space between the neuron transmitter where they cross over
Neuro transmitter
chemically electrical substance
Resting potential
cells at rest
polarization (neurons normal state and negatively charged inside compared to the outside)
Action potential
Brief electrical charge going down the Axon
depolarization (becomes less negative and is ready to send messages)
opens up and ions come rushing in
Refractory period
Cells must reset
depolarization
ex: flushing a toilet
A pump in the cell membrane
put the sodium ions back out of the cells —> action potential continues down
— FIRST SECTION HAS RECHARGED —
Reuptake
sending neuron reabsorbs some neuron transmitter
Reuptake Inhibitor
medication that prevents the reuptake of the neurons
Acetylcholine
learning, thought and memory
( alzheimer’s and body movement )
Glutamate
memory and learning
developed + creates nerve contatcs
Key role in LTP
association w too much
Dopamine
feeling of pleasure + reward
voluntarily movement, learning
cognition, attention
( schizophrenia - too much dopamine )
Serotonin
contribute to well-being and happiness
mood, appetite, sleep, impulse, control, depression — not enough serotonin
GABA
calms nerves and contributes to motor control and vision
relaxation
Endorphins
euphoria and reduces pain
natural opiate
Epinephrine
AKA adrenaline
produces during stressful situations
fight, flight, or freeze response
Sensory afferent
in the PNS
takes sensory info to the brain
Motor efferent neurons
in the PNS
make up spinal cord in brain and central nervous system
Agonist
drug that mimics the effect of or block the reuptake of neurotransmitters
activate (morphine, heroine, meth)
Antagonist
drug that inhabits the release of neurotransmitter
CNS
central nervous system
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
blinking, heart beating, etc
Sympathetic Nervous Systtem
fight, flight or freeze as a response
- rush of adrenaline, heart racing
Parasympathetic
brings you back down to balance like a parachute
- decrease heart rate
Goal of (para)sympathetic
is homeostasis
(maintaining internal stability and hole adjusting to changing external conditions)
Somatic
voluntarily doing actions
- kicking, speaking
Plasticity
about the brain
having the ability to compensate and change b
Neurogenesis
about neurons
neurons replenishing
Hindbrain
survival functions
Cerebellum
posture and balance e
Medulla Obbngata
Heart rate
breathing
vomiting
swallowing
Pons
Sleep
Arousal
Facial expressions
Reticular Formation
Arousal to stimuli
blocks out most during sleep
alerts to interesting + dangerous
Broca area
spoken language
Wernickes area
comprehension of language
Basal Ganglia
large motor skill
Thalamus
sorts and sends messages
Limbic system
emotions
Amygdala
fear and aggression
Hippocampus
learning + memories
STM to LTM
Hypothalamus
hunger, thirst, body temp
regulates (digestion)
sexual response
Lateral hypothalamus
“Let’s eat”
Ventromedial hypothalamus
“very full”
Cerebrum
divided into 4 lobes
Occipital Lobe
Visual processing
Temporal Lobe
Auditory
Parental Lobe
integrates sensory input
(processes your sense of touch and assembles input from your other s new into a form you can use)
Sensory strip
skin (touch)
muscle senses
Frontal Lobe
process in the brain that allows us to take info we receive from 5 senses and organize it and respond appropriately
planning, judgement, personality
Motor cortex
body movement (fine mother skills)
Corpus Callosum
connects the hemisphere of the brain (left and right)
Left hemisphere
control the right part of the body
Language
Logic
Concrete
Rational
Right Hemisphere
controls left part of the body
Visual
Direction
Imaginative
Emotional
Pattern
Facial recognition
Creativity
Who does split brain research
Sperry + Gazzangia
How to do they study split brain research
Making dots, saying words, speaking and drawing
Blood Brain Barrier
A network of blood vessels and tissue that is made up of closely spaced cells
Pro - helps keep harmful substances from reaching the brain
Con - Also means potentially helpful meds cannot enter the brain ex:chemo
Who was Phineas Gage
a sword when through his frontal lobe and his personality changed
Autopsy
examining dead peoples brain
Structure
technique that allows research to study makeup of the brain
CATor CT scan
an X-ray of the brain + painless
MRI/fMRI
painless and used to measure brain waves patterns
can be used to detect seizure and/or tumor activity
Pet Scan
uses radioactive glucose to create images
glucose goes to the areas of the brain that are working
ESB/deep brain stimulation
electric brain stimulation
used to relieve pain in serve cases
used on patients w parkinson’s or other mental illnesses
Endocrine System
contains glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream
Exocrine System
secretes contents onto the surface
of rocks n one
Consciousness
state of awareness
Unconsciousness
state of unconsciousness
Circadian Rhythm
based on light/dark cycle (biological clock)
measure sleep in stages and cycle
travel can mess this up
REM
Rapid eye movement (dreaming it’s stage 4 of sleeping)
Paradoxical (paradox)
EG resembles activity that resembles wakefulness
Protection
safety + energy conservation
Recovery
repairs cells, strengthens immune system
Memory consolidation
key role in learning especially during REM
Growth
pituitary releases growth hormones during sleep
Restoration Theory
Sleep deprivation studies and what they tell us
Insomnia
trouble falling/staying asleep
Sleep Apnea
CPAP machine
stop breathing in your sleep
ex: snorning
Narcolepsy
suddenly + inappropriately falls asleep
generic difference in hypocretin in the brain
Somnambulism
sleep walking/talking/eating
Night Terrors/Incubus Attacks
not nightmares (ex: screaming)
Freud Theory
wish fulfillment, unconscious
Latent vs Manifest
Latent - hidden meaning
Manifest - actual dream
Physiological functions
(physical)
brain stimulation may help development + preserve neural development
Information processing
sort out days event and consolidates memories
Activation synthesis Hypothesis
REM sleep struggles neural activity that evokes random visual memories which our brain weaves into stories
Cognitive Development
dream content reflects level of cognitive ability
What is the pineal gland
secretes melatonin
Thyroid gland
responsible for metabolic rate
produces the thyroxin hormone
Pheromones
chemical signal released outside the body
The endocrine system
secretes hormones into the blood stream
Acromegaly
over production of the pituitary gland causing abnormal growth
Pancreas
responsible for maintaining the proper level of sugar
Parathyroid
controls levels of calcium
Adrenal gland
makes adrenaline
