Unit 5 Flashcards
General Principals
There is a critical period to learn or master a skill
Imprinting
Lorenz
process where certain animals form attachments
(humans dont form attachments as quickly)
Nature vs Nuture
Genetic inheritance vs experience influence of our development
Continuous vs Discontinuous
Is development continuous process or through stages
Stability vs Change
does our early personality trait persists through life or do we become different person as we age
Teratogen
an agent that can reach the fetus and cause birth defects
Maturation
unfolding of innate biological patterns
Which comes first gross motor skills or fine motor skills
gross motor skill before fine motor skills
When do the children experience all emotions
2 months
Puberty
the ability to reproduce
Primary sex characteristics
physically what we need for reproduction ex:gonades
Secondary sex characteristic
height, voice change, hair, boobs
Self fulfilling prophecy
what a person thinks about themselves (what you think about yourself becomes true
Pruning
use it or lose it
Teenage brain
frontal lobe is not fully developed
Menopause
middle adult hood
women stops getting periods
cannot reproduce
Exercise and physical signs of aging
aging slows down when you exercise
Death Deferral Theory
put off death till a big milestone
(dying right after 90th birthday)
E.K Ross
5 stages of grief
Moro reflex
startled reflex
Babinski reflex
spreads their toes
Palmer grasp
wrapping finger relex
Rooting reflex
turning towards their source of food
Plantar reflex
curling their toes
APGAR TEST
quick physical test given to infants at birth
Syntax
ordering of words when making a sentence
every language has their own way of ordering
Grammer
rules of a language and how words should be combined to communicate meaning
Semantics
understanding the meaning of words and word combinations
ex: give me a minute
Phonemes
basic SOUND units of language
Morphemes
smallest meaningful units of speech
morphemes = meaning
Prosody
the way they said it
provides important info beyond a sentence literal word meaning
ex: “yeah that was a great movie”
Surface meaning
what you say
Deep meaning
what you mean
Detonation
literal meaning
Connotation
implied meaning
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Noam Chomsky (biological)
all born w understanding of language
first generation of language
little grammatical structure
called pidgin language
second generation
has its own grammatical structure
creole language
Critical period
childhood = critical period of language development
Overgeneralization/Overregularization
using grammar rules without proper use or exception
ex: i goed to the park
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
people speaking different languages =
different perspectives on life
Broca area
spoken language
Wernicke area
comprehension of language
Aphasia
impairment of language if broca or werincke area is damaged
ex: me w burmese
Sensorimotor
babies explore the world through their sensory and motor interactions
object permanence
actions cause changes
stranger anxiety
Object permanence
Sensorimotor
objects continue to exist even if it cannot be seen
milestone
Children learning their actions can cause changes
Sensorimotor
ex: dropping a spoon
Stranger anxiety
Sensorimotor
develops around 8 months
fear of strangers
Pre-operational
symbolic thinking develops
egocentrical
theory of mind
simple classification
animism
artisficalism
Representational thought
Irreversibility
Why are toddlers egocentric
Pre-Operational
cannot perceive stuff from other peoples POV
Theory of mind
Pre-Operational
ability to infer intentions in the mental state of others
mostly emotions
ex: realizing they made someone sad
Simple classification
Pre-operational
colors and shape
Animism
Simple classification
human characteristics to animate objects
Artisficalism
Pre-operational
thinks everything is man made/ humans are responsible for everything
Representational thoughts
Pre-operational
ABC’S
Irreversibility
a child’s inability to reverse the steps of an action in their mind, returning an object to its previous state
Concrete
conservation
become more logical and rational thinking
do higher level of classification
reversibility
Conservation
concrete
changes in shape does not mean changes in quality
Formal
reason expands from purely concrete to abstract thinking
higher level thinking
solving hypothetical problems and deducing consequences
Cognitive development
development of an individuals mental ability, patterns of thinking, reasoning and problem solving
Schemas
mental framework/cognitive structure
In order for cognition to grow we must
assimilate and accommodate
Assimilation
new info is adapted to fit current mode of thinking
Accommodation
changing a schema to fit new info
(try to fit things into what you already know but then change)
Zone of Proximal Development
range between when a child can work on their own + when they need help form a parent
Vygotsky
Social Development
learning to act and live in society
Temperament
emotion and reactivity
how baby reacts to emotionally
Strange Situation
Mary Ainsworth
Attachment styles (Secure, Insecure)
Personal fable
no one understands or gets it
Imagining Audience
belief everyone is focusing on them
Identity development
kids are trying to develope an identity
Identity diffusion
they haven’t committed an identity
Identity foreclosure
doing what you’re told
no crisis
Social Clock
people have expectation of when they’re doing a certain thing
ex: when you get married
Authoritarian
My way or the highway
Kids: resist/poor decision makers
Permissive
There are no consequences for breaking rules
Kids: irresponsible/no self confidence
Authoritative
Rules but flexible
kids: responsible
Moral development
an individuals understanding of what is right and wrong
controlling impulses and acting ethically
Kohlberg
Measures through Moral dilemma
Gillian
criticized Kohlburg
about gender Kohlburg only studied men
Schema
mental framework
Pre conventional Morality
Kids
Stage 1: avoidance of punishment
Stage 2 : Reward seeking, self-benefit
Conventional Morality
Stage 3: Avoidance of disapproval
Stage 4: Law and order
Post conventional Morality
Stage 5: Belief in individual rights
Stage 6: Individual principals (i couldn’t live without ___)
Cognitive Development was made by
Jean Piaget
Psychosocial Eight stages of development
Eriksons
Stages of moral reasons
Kohlburg
Erikson stage 1
Trust vs Mistrust
babies develop trust based off parents fulfilling their needs
Erikson stage 2
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Tries to do things for themselves
based off parents reaction
children say no
Erikson stage 3
Initiative vs Guilt
assume more responsibility
ask many questions
still based off parents
Erikson stage 4
Industry (hard work) vs Inferiority
learning and working hard
teachers play a role
Erikson stage 5
Identity (who am i) vs role confusion
you learn who you are and aren’t
looks to peer groups and role models
Erikson stage 6
Intimacy vs Isolation
l tiny to share yourself
about relationships
ability to develop relationships
Erikson 7
Generatively vs Stagnation
Feel productive + accomplished
responsible for next generation
Erikson 8
Integrity vs Despair
are you happy with your life looking back
feel pride or regret
Vgyoksy
ZPD
Mary Ainsworth
Strange situation
Identify Moratorium
currently in a crisis
has not made a commitment yet
Identity Achievement
has gone through the crisis and has made the commitment to the role they have chosen
Psychological Identity Development
James Marcia
