Unit 8 Flashcards
Clinical Psychology
psychological disorder
syndrome marked by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation or behavior.
medical model
concept that diseases (in this case psychological disorders) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and usually cured
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety
social anxiety disorder
intense fear or avoidance of social situations
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder inwhich a person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of automatic nervous system arousal
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes long episodes of intense dread inwhich a person experiences terror, chest pain, choking or other frightening symptoms often following fear of a possible attack
agoraphobia
fear/avoidance of situations (crowds/open spaces) where one has a feeling of loss of control
phobia
anxiety disorder, persistent irrational fear and avoidance for a specific object, activity or situation
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (conpulsions) or both.
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, insomnia that lingers for >4weeks after traumatic event
major depressive disorder
disorder inwhich a person experienced in the absence of drugs or another medical condition 2+ weeks 5 or more symptoms at least 1 of which is a depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure
symptoms of major depressive disorder
-difficulty w decision making and concentration
-feeling hopeless
-poor self esteem
- reduced energy level
-problems regulating sleep
-problems regulating appetite
-suicidal thoughts
bipolar disorder
disorder inwhich a person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
mania
hyperactive wildly optimistic state inwhich dangerously poor judgement is common
rumination
compulsive fretting, ovethinking problems and causes
personality disorder
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
3 clusters of personality disorders
- anxious
- eccentric/odd behavior
- dramatic or impulsive behavior
antisocial personality disorder
disorder inwhich a person(usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscious for wrong doing even towards friends/family may be impulsive aggressive ruthless or con artist
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder inwhich a person (usually teen girl) maintains starvation diet despite being dangerously underweight, sometimes accompanied w excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder inwhich persons binge eating is followed by unhealthy weight loss behaviors: vomiting, laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise
binge eating disorder
significant binge eating episodes followed by distress disgust guilt but without bulimia behavior
somatic symptom disorder
psychological disorders inwhich symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
conversion disorder
a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder inwhich a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that aren’t compatible eith medical/neurological conditions
illness anxiety disorder
disorder related to somatic symptom disorder inwhich a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
dissociative disorders
controversial, rare disorders inwhich a conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous thoughts feelings memories
dissociative identity disorder
rare dissociative disorder inwhich a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
psychotic disorders
group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
schizophrenia
disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished/inappropriate emotional expression
hallucinations
false sensory experiences
delusion
false belief, often of persecution or grandeur
chronic schizophrenia
symptoms usually appear by late adolescence/ early adulthood. as people age, psychotic episodes last longer & recovery periods shorten
acute schizophrenia
(reactive schizophrenia) can begin at any age, frequently in response e to traumatic event (recovery is more likely)
psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques, interactions between trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties/achieve personal growth
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications/procedures that act directly on a person’s physiology
eclectic approach
approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
psychoanalysis
-bring repressed issues into conscious awareness
-give insight on origins of disorders
-reduce growth-impending inner conflicts
resistance
in psychoanalysis, blocking from consciousness the anxiety laden material
therapists would recognizes resustances during free association
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, analyst’s noting supossed dream meanings, resistances, other significant behavior, events to promote insight
transference
in psychoanalysis, patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (love/hatred for parent)
psychodynamic therapy
therapy deriving from psychoanalytic traditions, view individuals as responding to unconscious forces & childhood experiences and seeks to enhance self-insight
insight therapies
therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing persons awareness of underlying motives and defenses
(humanistic & psychodynamic)
humanistic therapy
-aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping grow self-awareness+self-acceptance
-promoting growth over curing illness, so theyre “clients” not patients
-conscious > unconscious thoughts
-present & futre > past
client centered therapy
Carl Rogers’ humanistic therapy, inwhich therapist uses techniques like active listening within an Accepting, Genuine, Empathetic environmemt (AGE)
active listening
empathetic listening inwhich listener echoes, restates, clarifies. Feature of Roger’s client centered therapy
unconditional positive regard
caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude
behavior therapies
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behavior
counterconditioning
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors, includes aversion therapy and exposure therapy
exposure therapy
behavioral techniques such as systemic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy that treat anxieties by exposing people to their fears/avoidances
systemic desensitization
type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli (common treatment of phobias)
virtual reality exposure therapy
counterconditioning texhnique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations inwhich people can safely face their greatest fears
aversive conditioning
type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (like nausea) eith an unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)
doesnt last long bc patients know aversion was caused by therapist (cognition matters)
token economy
an operannt conditiong procedure inwhich people earn a token for exhibiting desired behaviors and can later exchange tokens for priviledges or treats
cognitive therapies
therapy that teaches people new, adaprive ways of thinking; based om the assumption that thoughts intervene between events & our emotional reactions
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical self-defeating attitudes & assumptions
stress inoculation training
restructive thinking in stressful situations to be more optimistic
cognitive-behavioral therapy / CBT
popular integrative therapy that combined cognitivr therapy (changung self-defeating thoughts) and behavior therapy (change behavior)
good for OCD, anxiety, depression insomnia, bipolar
group therapy
therapy provided in groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
family therapy
therapy that treats people in rhe context of their family system. Views indivuals unwanted behavuors as influenced by family members
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Those not umdergoimg therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve amd less likely to relapse
80% of untreated people have poorer outcomes than the avg treated person
evidence based practice
clinical decision makimg that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics & preferences
Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessimg (EMDR)
patientd recall traumatic event while rapidly moving eyes
its more effecrive than doing nothing but prob bc it acts as exposure therapy & placebo effect
Light Exposure Therapy
gives relief to people with depression, as effectively as CBT or antidepressants
therapeutic alliance
bond of trust & mutual understanding between therapist & client, who work together construcitvely to overcome client’s problem
psychopharmacology
study of effects of drugs on mind & behavior
Antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other severe thought disorders
molecules similar to dopamine, occupy dopamine receptors to decrease dopamine activity
decrease responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli
Antianxiety drugs
-drugs used to control anxiety & agitation
-depress CNS activity (dangerous eith alcohol)
-can be addicitve since they provide relief from tension
-withdrawal causes MORE anxiety & insomnia
-used best in combination with psychotherapy
Antidepressant drugs
-drugs used tp treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD
-inxrease availability of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, serotonin) which elevate mood and are scarce in ppl eith depression
-most common are SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake imhibitors)
mood stabilizing medications
the salt lithium effectively levels highs and lows of bipolar disorder
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
biomedical therapy for severly depressed patienrd inwhich a brief electric current is sent throufh thr brain of an anesthized patient
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to brain; used to stimulate or supress brain activity
Psychosurgery
surgery that removes/destroys brain tissue in an effort to chsnge behavior
lobotomy
psychosurgical procedure omce used to calm uncontrollably emotional/violent patients. Procedure cut nerves connecting frontal lobes to emotion controlling centers of inner brain
resilience
personal strength that helps most people cope eith stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological change as a result of struggling w extremely challenging circumstances & life crises
