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AP Psych > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

Clinical Psychology

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1
Q

psychological disorder

A

syndrome marked by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation or behavior.

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2
Q

medical model

A

concept that diseases (in this case psychological disorders) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and usually cured

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3
Q

anxiety disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety

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4
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

intense fear or avoidance of social situations

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5
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder inwhich a person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of automatic nervous system arousal

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6
Q

panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes long episodes of intense dread inwhich a person experiences terror, chest pain, choking or other frightening symptoms often following fear of a possible attack

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7
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear/avoidance of situations (crowds/open spaces) where one has a feeling of loss of control

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8
Q

phobia

A

anxiety disorder, persistent irrational fear and avoidance for a specific object, activity or situation

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9
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (conpulsions) or both.

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10
Q

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, insomnia that lingers for >4weeks after traumatic event

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11
Q

major depressive disorder

A

disorder inwhich a person experienced in the absence of drugs or another medical condition 2+ weeks 5 or more symptoms at least 1 of which is a depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure

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12
Q

symptoms of major depressive disorder

A

-difficulty w decision making and concentration
-feeling hopeless
-poor self esteem
- reduced energy level
-problems regulating sleep
-problems regulating appetite
-suicidal thoughts

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13
Q

bipolar disorder

A

disorder inwhich a person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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14
Q

mania

A

hyperactive wildly optimistic state inwhich dangerously poor judgement is common

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15
Q

rumination

A

compulsive fretting, ovethinking problems and causes

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16
Q

personality disorder

A

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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17
Q

3 clusters of personality disorders

A
  1. anxious
  2. eccentric/odd behavior
  3. dramatic or impulsive behavior
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18
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

disorder inwhich a person(usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscious for wrong doing even towards friends/family may be impulsive aggressive ruthless or con artist

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19
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder inwhich a person (usually teen girl) maintains starvation diet despite being dangerously underweight, sometimes accompanied w excessive exercise

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20
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder inwhich persons binge eating is followed by unhealthy weight loss behaviors: vomiting, laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise

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21
Q

binge eating disorder

A

significant binge eating episodes followed by distress disgust guilt but without bulimia behavior

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22
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

psychological disorders inwhich symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

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23
Q

conversion disorder

A

a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder inwhich a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that aren’t compatible eith medical/neurological conditions

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24
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

disorder related to somatic symptom disorder inwhich a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

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25
Q

dissociative disorders

A

controversial, rare disorders inwhich a conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous thoughts feelings memories

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26
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

rare dissociative disorder inwhich a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

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27
Q

psychotic disorders

A

group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

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28
Q

schizophrenia

A

disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished/inappropriate emotional expression

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29
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences

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30
Q

delusion

A

false belief, often of persecution or grandeur

31
Q

chronic schizophrenia

A

symptoms usually appear by late adolescence/ early adulthood. as people age, psychotic episodes last longer & recovery periods shorten

32
Q

acute schizophrenia

A

(reactive schizophrenia) can begin at any age, frequently in response e to traumatic event (recovery is more likely)

33
Q

psychotherapy

A

treatment involving psychological techniques, interactions between trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties/achieve personal growth

34
Q

biomedical therapy

A

prescribed medications/procedures that act directly on a person’s physiology

35
Q

eclectic approach

A

approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

36
Q

psychoanalysis

A

-bring repressed issues into conscious awareness
-give insight on origins of disorders
-reduce growth-impending inner conflicts

37
Q

resistance

A

in psychoanalysis, blocking from consciousness the anxiety laden material
therapists would recognizes resustances during free association

38
Q

interpretation

A

in psychoanalysis, analyst’s noting supossed dream meanings, resistances, other significant behavior, events to promote insight

39
Q

transference

A

in psychoanalysis, patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (love/hatred for parent)

40
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

therapy deriving from psychoanalytic traditions, view individuals as responding to unconscious forces & childhood experiences and seeks to enhance self-insight

41
Q

insight therapies

A

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing persons awareness of underlying motives and defenses
(humanistic & psychodynamic)

42
Q

humanistic therapy

A

-aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping grow self-awareness+self-acceptance
-promoting growth over curing illness, so theyre “clients” not patients
-conscious > unconscious thoughts
-present & futre > past

43
Q

client centered therapy

A

Carl Rogers’ humanistic therapy, inwhich therapist uses techniques like active listening within an Accepting, Genuine, Empathetic environmemt (AGE)

44
Q

active listening

A

empathetic listening inwhich listener echoes, restates, clarifies. Feature of Roger’s client centered therapy

45
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude

46
Q

behavior therapies

A

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behavior

47
Q

counterconditioning

A

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors, includes aversion therapy and exposure therapy

48
Q

exposure therapy

A

behavioral techniques such as systemic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy that treat anxieties by exposing people to their fears/avoidances

49
Q

systemic desensitization

A

type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli (common treatment of phobias)

50
Q

virtual reality exposure therapy

A

counterconditioning texhnique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations inwhich people can safely face their greatest fears

51
Q

aversive conditioning

A

type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (like nausea) eith an unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)
doesnt last long bc patients know aversion was caused by therapist (cognition matters)

52
Q

token economy

A

an operannt conditiong procedure inwhich people earn a token for exhibiting desired behaviors and can later exchange tokens for priviledges or treats

53
Q

cognitive therapies

A

therapy that teaches people new, adaprive ways of thinking; based om the assumption that thoughts intervene between events & our emotional reactions

54
Q

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A

confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical self-defeating attitudes & assumptions

55
Q

stress inoculation training

A

restructive thinking in stressful situations to be more optimistic

56
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy / CBT

A

popular integrative therapy that combined cognitivr therapy (changung self-defeating thoughts) and behavior therapy (change behavior)

good for OCD, anxiety, depression insomnia, bipolar

57
Q

group therapy

A

therapy provided in groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction

58
Q

family therapy

A

therapy that treats people in rhe context of their family system. Views indivuals unwanted behavuors as influenced by family members

59
Q

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

A

Those not umdergoimg therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve amd less likely to relapse
80% of untreated people have poorer outcomes than the avg treated person

60
Q

evidence based practice

A

clinical decision makimg that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics & preferences

61
Q

Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessimg (EMDR)

A

patientd recall traumatic event while rapidly moving eyes
its more effecrive than doing nothing but prob bc it acts as exposure therapy & placebo effect

62
Q

Light Exposure Therapy

A

gives relief to people with depression, as effectively as CBT or antidepressants

63
Q

therapeutic alliance

A

bond of trust & mutual understanding between therapist & client, who work together construcitvely to overcome client’s problem

64
Q

psychopharmacology

A

study of effects of drugs on mind & behavior

65
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other severe thought disorders
molecules similar to dopamine, occupy dopamine receptors to decrease dopamine activity
decrease responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli

66
Q

Antianxiety drugs

A

-drugs used to control anxiety & agitation
-depress CNS activity (dangerous eith alcohol)
-can be addicitve since they provide relief from tension
-withdrawal causes MORE anxiety & insomnia
-used best in combination with psychotherapy

67
Q

Antidepressant drugs

A

-drugs used tp treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD
-inxrease availability of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, serotonin) which elevate mood and are scarce in ppl eith depression
-most common are SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake imhibitors)

68
Q

mood stabilizing medications

A

the salt lithium effectively levels highs and lows of bipolar disorder

69
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

biomedical therapy for severly depressed patienrd inwhich a brief electric current is sent throufh thr brain of an anesthized patient

70
Q

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to brain; used to stimulate or supress brain activity

71
Q

Psychosurgery

A

surgery that removes/destroys brain tissue in an effort to chsnge behavior

72
Q

lobotomy

A

psychosurgical procedure omce used to calm uncontrollably emotional/violent patients. Procedure cut nerves connecting frontal lobes to emotion controlling centers of inner brain

73
Q

resilience

A

personal strength that helps most people cope eith stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

74
Q

posttraumatic growth

A

positive psychological change as a result of struggling w extremely challenging circumstances & life crises

AP Psych (12 decks)

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