Unit 7 Part 1

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes & directs behavior

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 3

physiological needs

Answer 3

[a basic bodily requirement] create an aroused motivated state - a drive that pushes us to satisfy that need

Question 4

drive

Answer 4

push to meet a physiological need

Question 5

drive-reduction theory

Answer 5

idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need

Question 6

homeostasis

Answer 6

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state regulation of body chemistry to maintain balance

Question 7

incentive

Answer 7

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 8

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 8

principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point beyond which performance decreases; moderate arousal -> optimal performance

Question 9

ghrelin

Answer 9

hormone secreted by empty stomach tells brain ““I’m hungry””

Question 10

Orexin

Answer 10

hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Question 11

insulin

Answer 11

hormone secreted by pancreas controls blood glucose

Question 12

leptin

Answer 12

protein hormone from fat cells when abundant brain decreases hunger and increase metabolism

Question 13

PYY

Answer 13

digestive tract hormone tells brain ““I’m not hungry””

Question 14

basal metabolic rate

Answer 14

body’s resting rate of energy output

Question 15

obesity

Answer 15

BMI of 30 or higher

Question 16

estrogens

Answer 16

sex hormones like estradiol contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted most by females peaks during ovulation

Question 17

refractory period

Answer 17

a resting period occurring after orgasm during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm (longer for men)

Question 18

affiliation

Answer 18

the need to belong

Question 19

affiliation need

Answer 19

need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

Question 20

ostracism

Answer 20

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups can create activity in brain areas that perceive physical pain

Question 21

achievement motivation

Answer 21

desire for significant accomplishment

Question 22

emotion

Answer 22

a response of the whole organism involves: physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience

Question 23

James-Lange Theory

Answer 23

theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion arousing stimulus
stimulus -> arousal -> emotion

Question 24

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 24

theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
stimulus -> physiological response - -> experience of emotion

Question 25

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory

Answer 25

theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label arousal
arousal + label = emotion

Question 26

Zajonc and LeDoux’s emotion Theories

Answer 26

found 2 neural pathways for emotion Joseph LeDoux’s low road” for faster emotional reaction”

Question 27

Primary Emotions

Answer 27

Joy Excitement/Interest Surprise Sadness Anger Disgust Fear Contempt Shame Guilt

Question 28

facial feedback effect

Answer 28

tendency for facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear anger joy

Question 29

behavior feedback effect

Answer 29

tendency for behavior to influence our/others’ thoughts feelings or actions

Question 30

Stress

Answer 30

process by which we perceive and respond to certain events stressors that appraise as threatening or challenging;

Question 31

Stressors

Answer 31

1. Catastrophes. unpredictable large scale events
2. Significant Life Changes. crises puts ones at risk
3. Daily Hassles & Social Stress

Question 32

Kurt Lewin’s motivational conflict theory

Answer 32

approach-approach: two attractive but incompatible goals avoidance-avoidance: two undesirable choices avoidance-approach: both attracted and repelled

Question 33

Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 33

concept of body’s adaptive response to stress in phases:
1. alarm. SNS activated. Resources mobilized ready to fight back.
2. resistance. Arousal is still high. Adrenal glands pump hormones in blood. With time body’s reserves dwindle.
3. exhaustion. become more vulnerable to illness or in extreme cases collapse & death;

Question 34

tend and befriend response

Answer 34

under stress people (esp. women) often provide support to others and bond seek support;

Question 35

health psychology

Answer 35

subfield of psychology that provides psych’s contribution to behavioral medicine

Question 36

Stress Cause illness?

Answer 36

No. makes the body more vulnerable to disease

Question 37

Type A

Answer 37

Friedman & Rosenman’s terms for competitive

Question 38

Type B

Answer 38

term for easygoing and relaxed people

Question 39

catharsis

Answer 39

idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive impulses; expressing anger can amplify anger (behavior feedback effect)

Question 40

mindfulness

Answer 40

meditation reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a non-judgmental and accepting manner

Question 41

positive psychology

Answer 41

scientific study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering & promoting strengths/virtues that help individuals/communities thrive

Question 42

feel good do good phenomenon

Answer 42

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood ;

Question 43

subjective well being

Answer 43

self perceived happiness or satisfaction w life. used to evaluate quality of life with objective indicators.;

Question 44

Martin Seligman’s 3 Pillars

Answer 44

1. positive wellbeing 2. positive character 3. positive groups communities cultures;

Question 45

adaptation-level phenomenon

Answer 45

tendency to form judgements (of sounds lights income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Question 46

relative deprivation perception

Answer 46

that one is worse off relative to those whom one compares themselves