Unit 7 Part 1 Flashcards
Motivation, Emotion, and Stress
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes & directs behavior
instinct
complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
physiological needs
[a basic bodily requirement] create an aroused motivated state - a drive that pushes us to satisfy that need
drive
push to meet a physiological need
drive-reduction theory
idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state regulation of body chemistry to maintain balance
incentive
positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Yerkes-Dodson Law
principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point beyond which performance decreases; moderate arousal -> optimal performance
ghrelin
hormone secreted by empty stomach tells brain ““I’m hungry””
Orexin
hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
insulin
hormone secreted by pancreas controls blood glucose
leptin
protein hormone from fat cells when abundant brain decreases hunger and increase metabolism
PYY
digestive tract hormone tells brain ““I’m not hungry””
basal metabolic rate
body’s resting rate of energy output
obesity
BMI of 30 or higher
estrogens
sex hormones like estradiol contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted most by females peaks during ovulation
refractory period
a resting period occurring after orgasm during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm (longer for men)
affiliation
the need to belong
affiliation need
need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups can create activity in brain areas that perceive physical pain
achievement motivation
desire for significant accomplishment
emotion
a response of the whole organism involves: physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience
James-Lange Theory
theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion arousing stimulus
stimulus -> arousal -> emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
stimulus -> physiological response - -> experience of emotion
Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory
theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label arousal
arousal + label = emotion
Zajonc and LeDoux’s emotion Theories
found 2 neural pathways for emotion Joseph LeDoux’s low road” for faster emotional reaction”
Primary Emotions
Joy Excitement/Interest Surprise Sadness Anger Disgust Fear Contempt Shame Guilt
facial feedback effect
tendency for facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear anger joy
behavior feedback effect
tendency for behavior to influence our/others’ thoughts feelings or actions
Stress
process by which we perceive and respond to certain events stressors that appraise as threatening or challenging;
Stressors
- Catastrophes. unpredictable large scale events
- Significant Life Changes. crises puts ones at risk
- Daily Hassles & Social Stress
Kurt Lewin’s motivational conflict theory
approach-approach: two attractive but incompatible goals avoidance-avoidance: two undesirable choices avoidance-approach: both attracted and repelled
Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
concept of body’s adaptive response to stress in phases:
1. alarm. SNS activated. Resources mobilized ready to fight back.
2. resistance. Arousal is still high. Adrenal glands pump hormones in blood. With time body’s reserves dwindle.
3. exhaustion. become more vulnerable to illness or in extreme cases collapse & death;
tend and befriend response
under stress people (esp. women) often provide support to others and bond seek support;
health psychology
subfield of psychology that provides psych’s contribution to behavioral medicine
Stress Cause illness?
No. makes the body more vulnerable to disease
Type A
Friedman & Rosenman’s terms for competitive
Type B
term for easygoing and relaxed people
catharsis
idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive impulses; expressing anger can amplify anger (behavior feedback effect)
mindfulness
meditation reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a non-judgmental and accepting manner
positive psychology
scientific study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering & promoting strengths/virtues that help individuals/communities thrive
feel good do good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood ;
subjective well being
self perceived happiness or satisfaction w life. used to evaluate quality of life with objective indicators.;
Martin Seligman’s 3 Pillars
- positive wellbeing 2. positive character 3. positive groups communities cultures;
adaptation-level phenomenon
tendency to form judgements (of sounds lights income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
relative deprivation perception
that one is worse off relative to those whom one compares themselves
