Unit 5 Part 1 Flashcards
Cognition
memory
persistence of learning over time through encoding storing and retrieving information
recall
RETRIEVING information not currently in conscious awareness but earlier learned (like fill in the blanks)
recognition
IDENTIFYING items previously learned (like MCQs)
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material AGAIN
encoding
process of getting info INTO memory system
storage
process of retaining encoded info OVER TIME
retrieval
process of getting info OUT of memory system
sensory memory
immediate brief recording of sensory info in memory
short term memory
activated memory that holds few things briefly before the info is forgotten or stored
long term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system (includes knowledge skills and experience)
working memory
newer understanding of short term memory that adds CONSCIOUS active processing of incoming sensory info/retrieved info
explicit memories
retention of facts & experiences one can consciously know & “declare”
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental info: like space time frequency and well known info
implicit memory
retention of learned skills/classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
iconic memory
momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture image lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
George Miller
believed working memory capacity is 7 ±2
chunking
organizing items into familiar manageable units
mnemonic
memory aids techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
shallow processing
encoding on basic level based on structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically based on meaning of the words yields better retention
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general info
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
prefrontal cortex
short term memory
memory consolidation
the neural storage of long term memory
flashbulb moment
a clear sustained memory of an emotionally significant event
long term potentiation
an increase in cells firing potential after a brief
encoding specificity principle
idea that cues & contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
mood congruent memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good/bad mood
serial position effect
tendency to remember the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) in a list best
anterograde amnesia
inability to format new memories
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember past memories
proactive interference
forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info
retroactive interference
the backwards acting interference of newer learning on old info
repression
in psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings etc
reconsolidation
process in which previously stored memories when retrieved are potentially before being stored again
misinformation effect
occurs when misleading info has distorted ones memory of an event
source amnesia
faulty memory for how when or where info was learned or imagined
concepts
mental grouping of similar idea objects events or ppl (like grouping or perceptual sets)
prototype
mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick easy method of sorting items
creativity
ability to produce new and valuable ideas
convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible problem solutions creative thinking
algorithm
a methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with speedy but error prone heuristics
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
insight
a sudden aha moment of problems solution
confirmation bias
tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
fixation
in cognition the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
mental set
tendency to approach a problem 1 particular way
intuition
an effortless immediate automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit conscious reasoning
representative heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a prototype; may lead us to ignore other relevant info
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their available in memory if instances come more readily to mind we think them to be common
belief perseverance
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed is discredited
framing
the way an issue is posed how it’s phrased can effect answer
language
our spoken written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
phoneme
the smallest distinctive sound in a language “th” or “a”
morpheme
the smallest unit that carries meaning in language “pre” “ment”
babbling stage
beginning around 4 months
one word stage
age 1-2; stage where child speaks single words
two word stage
starts age 2; speech development stage where child speaks in 2 Word statements
telegraphic speech
early speech stage where child speaks like telegram “go car” mostly nouns and verbs
aphasia
impairment of language caused by damage to broca’s area(speech) or wernicke’s area(comprehension)
linguistic determinism
strong form of Benjamin Lee Whorf’s hypothesis- language controls the way we think and interpret world around us
linguistic influence
weaker form of “linguistic determinism”- idea that language AFFECTS thought thus our thinking is RELATIVE TO cultural language
