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AP Psych > Unit 5 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Part 1 Flashcards

Cognition

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1
Q

memory

A

persistence of learning over time through encoding storing and retrieving information

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2
Q

recall

A

RETRIEVING information not currently in conscious awareness but earlier learned (like fill in the blanks)

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3
Q

recognition

A

IDENTIFYING items previously learned (like MCQs)

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4
Q

relearning

A

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material AGAIN

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5
Q

encoding

A

process of getting info INTO memory system

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6
Q

storage

A

process of retaining encoded info OVER TIME

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7
Q

retrieval

A

process of getting info OUT of memory system

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8
Q

sensory memory

A

immediate brief recording of sensory info in memory

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9
Q

short term memory

A

activated memory that holds few things briefly before the info is forgotten or stored

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10
Q

long term memory

A

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system (includes knowledge skills and experience)

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11
Q

working memory

A

newer understanding of short term memory that adds CONSCIOUS active processing of incoming sensory info/retrieved info

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12
Q

explicit memories

A

retention of facts & experiences one can consciously know & “declare”

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13
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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14
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental info: like space time frequency and well known info

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15
Q

implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills/classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

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16
Q

iconic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture image lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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17
Q

echoic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

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18
Q

George Miller

A

believed working memory capacity is 7 ±2

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19
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar manageable units

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20
Q

mnemonic

A

memory aids techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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21
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on basic level based on structure or appearance of words

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22
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically based on meaning of the words yields better retention

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23
Q

semantic memory

A

explicit memory of facts and general info

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24
Q

episodic memory

A

explicit memory of personally experienced events

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25
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

short term memory

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26
Q

memory consolidation

A

the neural storage of long term memory

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27
Q

flashbulb moment

A

a clear sustained memory of an emotionally significant event

28
Q

long term potentiation

A

an increase in cells firing potential after a brief

29
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

idea that cues & contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

30
Q

mood congruent memory

A

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good/bad mood

31
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to remember the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) in a list best

32
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to format new memories

33
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember past memories

34
Q

proactive interference

A

forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info

35
Q

retroactive interference

A

the backwards acting interference of newer learning on old info

36
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings etc

37
Q

reconsolidation

A

process in which previously stored memories when retrieved are potentially before being stored again

38
Q

misinformation effect

A

occurs when misleading info has distorted ones memory of an event

39
Q

source amnesia

A

faulty memory for how when or where info was learned or imagined

40
Q

concepts

A

mental grouping of similar idea objects events or ppl (like grouping or perceptual sets)

41
Q

prototype

A

mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick easy method of sorting items

42
Q

creativity

A

ability to produce new and valuable ideas

43
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

44
Q

divergent thinking

A

expanding the number of possible problem solutions creative thinking

45
Q

algorithm

A

a methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with speedy but error prone heuristics

46
Q

heuristic

A

a simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

47
Q

insight

A

a sudden aha moment of problems solution

48
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

49
Q

fixation

A

in cognition the inability to see a problem from a new perspective

50
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach a problem 1 particular way

51
Q

intuition

A

an effortless immediate automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit conscious reasoning

52
Q

representative heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a prototype; may lead us to ignore other relevant info

53
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their available in memory if instances come more readily to mind we think them to be common

54
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed is discredited

55
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed how it’s phrased can effect answer

56
Q

language

A

our spoken written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

57
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest distinctive sound in a language “th” or “a”

58
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest unit that carries meaning in language “pre” “ment”

59
Q

babbling stage

A

beginning around 4 months

60
Q

one word stage

A

age 1-2; stage where child speaks single words

61
Q

two word stage

A

starts age 2; speech development stage where child speaks in 2 Word statements

62
Q

telegraphic speech

A

early speech stage where child speaks like telegram “go car” mostly nouns and verbs

63
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language caused by damage to broca’s area(speech) or wernicke’s area(comprehension)

64
Q

linguistic determinism

A

strong form of Benjamin Lee Whorf’s hypothesis- language controls the way we think and interpret world around us

65
Q

linguistic influence

A

weaker form of “linguistic determinism”- idea that language AFFECTS thought thus our thinking is RELATIVE TO cultural language

AP Psych (12 decks)

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