Unit 1

Question 1

scientific attitude

Answer 1

skepticism, humility, curiosity

Question 2

Renée Descartes

Answer 2

Believed “animal spirits” flowed through nerves to enable reflexes.

Question 3

Francis Bacon

Answer 3

One founder of modern psychology science. Realized human mind interprets order where there is none.

Question 4

John Locke

Answer 4

Coined phrase “tabula rasa” (blank slate), that the mind is born blank and experiences write upon it.

Question 5

empiricism

Answer 5

idea that knowledge comes from experience, and observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge.

Question 6

structuralism

Answer 6

school of thought introduced by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal structure of human mind.

Question 7

functionalism

Answer 7

early school of thought promoted by William James and supported by Chalres Darwin; explored how mental processes and behavior function and enable organism to adapt, survive and flourish

Question 8

B F Skinner

Answer 8

This leading Behaviorist rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

Question 9

John B Watson

Answer 9

With Rosalie Rayner, studied behavioral psychology with a controversial study about babies being able to learn fear.

Question 10

humanistic psychology

Answer 10

historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

Question 11

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 11

biological, psychological, social cultural influences

Question 12

psychological influences

Answer 12

learned fears / learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing, perceptual interpretations

Question 13

social cultural influences

Answer 13

presence of others, cultural, societal, familial expectations, peer and other group influences, compelling models (as in media)

Question 14

biological influences

Answer 14

genetic predisposition, genetic mutations, natural selection passed down certain behaviors/traits, genes responding to environment

Question 15

behavioral psychology

Answer 15

How we learn observable responses

Question 16

biological psychology

Answer 16

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how our genes and environment influence individual differences. Study of the links between biological and psychological processes

Question 17

cognitive

Answer 17

how we encode, process, store and retrieve information

Question 18

evolutionary

Answer 18

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes. Using theory of natural selection.

Question 19

humanistic psychology

Answer 19

how we achieve personal growth and self fulfillment

Question 20

psychodynamic

Answer 20

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Question 21

social cultural psychology

Answer 21

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Question 22

SQ3R

Answer 22

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

Question 23

hindsight bias

Answer 23

tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one could have foreseen it

Question 24

naturalistic observation

Answer 24

descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior without manipulating or controlling the situation

Question 25

quasi experiment

Answer 25

experiment without a control group

Question 26

experiment

Answer 26

study done where an independent variable is manipulated to see its effect on the dependent variable

Question 27

correlation

Answer 27

how related two variables are (doesn’t equal causation)

Question 28

dangers of correlation

Answer 28

random coincidence, reverse causality (unclear which variable causes which), confounding variables (third variable may be common cause)

Question 29

random sampling

Answer 29

sample fairly represents population since every member had equal chance of participation

Question 30

statistical significance

Answer 30

statistical statement of how likely obtained result occurred by chance, must be lower than 5% chance of being random