Unit 4 Flashcards
Learning
learning
process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information/behavior through experience
classical conditioning
links two stimuli so 1st stimulus elicits behavior in anticipation of 2nd stimulus
operant conditioning
learning which behavior to repeat/avoid for reward or to avoid unwanted results
cognitive learning
learn things we’ve never experienced through observation/language
habituation
decreased responsiveness with repeated exposure to stimulus
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together
respondent behavior
behavior occurring as AUTOMATIC response to stimulus
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences
neutral stimulus NS
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
unconditioned response UR
unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus US
stimulus that unconditionally (naturally + automatically) elicits unconditioned response
conditioned response
learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) stimulus
conditioned stimulus CS
originally neutral stimulus that’s now associated with US to trigger CR
acquisition
initial stage of conditioning where NS is linked with US to trigger CS //behavior is linked to consequence
higher order conditioning
(/second order); a CS is paired with a new NS creating 2nd weaker CS
Extinction
the diminishing of a CR when no longer followed by US // when behavior is no longer paired with reinforcer
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of an extinguished CR after a pause
generalization
tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses to CR // learned response occurs in similar situations
discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between a CS amd similar stimulus that doesn’t signal US // distinguish between reinforced vs not reinforced response
law of effect
having followed by favorable consequences are more likely to recur those followed by unfavorable consequences less likely (THORNDIKE)
operant chamber
(/Skinner box) chamber containing bar/key for animal to manipulate to obtain reinforcer; attached devices record animals bar/key interactions
reinforcement
any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows
shaping
operant conditioning procedure; reinforcers guide toward closer approximation of desired behavior
discriminative stimulus
stimulus that elicits response after association with reinforcement (vs stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
positive reinforcement
INCREASING behavior by ADDING a desired stimulus
negative reinforcement
INCREASING behavior by REMOVING an undesired stimulus
primary reinforcer
innately reinforcing stimulus like a biological need
conditioned reinforcer
stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through ASSOCIATION with a primary reinforcer
reinforcement schedule
pattern that defines how often a behavior is reinforced
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing desired behavior EVERY TIME it occurs (quick acquisition->quick extinction)
partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
reinforcing response only PART of the time(slow acquisition but less extinction)
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after SET NUMBER OF RESPONSES
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
response is reinforced after an UNPREDICTABLE # OF RESPONSES
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
response is reinforced only after SET amount of TIME has elapsed
variable interval reinforcement schedule
response is reinforced at UNPREDICTABLE TIME INTERVALS
reinforcement schedule - response rates
ratio - higher response rates than interval; variable - more consistent than fixed
punishment
event that DECREASES the behavior it follows
positive punishment
DECREASES behavior by ADDING undesirable stimulus
negative punishment
DECREASES behavior by REMOVING desirable/rewarding stimulus
Physical punishment cons
- punished behavior is suppressed not stopped
- teaches discrimination
- teaches fear
- increases aggression
B. F. Skinner
strict behaviorist who played role in discoveries about operant conditioning
John B. Watson
played role in discoveries around classical conditioning through little Albert experiment
biofeedback
a system for electronically recording amplifying and feeding back information abt subtle physiological states
preparedness
a biological predisposition to learn associations (ex: taste-nausea) that have survival value
john garcia
found animals can’t make learn to associate ANY stimulus with ANY response
instinctive drift
the tendency for learned behavior to revert back to biologically predisposed patterns
Robert Rescorla
proved animals can learn PREDICTABILITY of an event (thus cognition is involved in conditioning)
insight
a sudden realization of a problems solution (contrasts strategy based solutions)
latent learning
learning that occurs but isn’t APPARENT until there’s incentive to demonstrate it
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive a promised reward or avoid threatened punishment
problem focused coping
attempting to alleviate directly by changing the stressor or our reaction to it
emotion focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding stressor and attending to emotional needs related to stress reactions
personal control
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
learned helplessness
hopelessness and passive resignation one learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
internal locus of control
the perception WE control our fate
external locus of control
the perception that CHANCES/OUTSIDE FORCES control our fate
self control
the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards
observational learning
learning by observing others
modeling
process of observing & imitating a specific behavior
Albert Bandura
pioneering researcher of observational learning through BoBo experiment
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that are believed to fire when we perform actions or see others doing it
prosocial behavior
positive constructive helpful (opposite of antisocial behavior)
