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AP Psych > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

Learning

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1
Q

learning

A

process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information/behavior through experience

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

links two stimuli so 1st stimulus elicits behavior in anticipation of 2nd stimulus

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3
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning which behavior to repeat/avoid for reward or to avoid unwanted results

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4
Q

cognitive learning

A

learn things we’ve never experienced through observation/language

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5
Q

habituation

A

decreased responsiveness with repeated exposure to stimulus

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6
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together

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7
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior occurring as AUTOMATIC response to stimulus

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8
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

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9
Q

neutral stimulus NS

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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10
Q

unconditioned response UR

A

unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus US

A

stimulus that unconditionally (naturally + automatically) elicits unconditioned response

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12
Q

conditioned response

A

learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) stimulus

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13
Q

conditioned stimulus CS

A

originally neutral stimulus that’s now associated with US to trigger CR

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14
Q

acquisition

A

initial stage of conditioning where NS is linked with US to trigger CS //behavior is linked to consequence

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15
Q

higher order conditioning

A

(/second order); a CS is paired with a new NS creating 2nd weaker CS

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16
Q

Extinction

A

the diminishing of a CR when no longer followed by US // when behavior is no longer paired with reinforcer

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17
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of an extinguished CR after a pause

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18
Q

generalization

A

tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses to CR // learned response occurs in similar situations

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19
Q

discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between a CS amd similar stimulus that doesn’t signal US // distinguish between reinforced vs not reinforced response

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20
Q

law of effect

A

having followed by favorable consequences are more likely to recur those followed by unfavorable consequences less likely (THORNDIKE)

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21
Q

operant chamber

A

(/Skinner box) chamber containing bar/key for animal to manipulate to obtain reinforcer; attached devices record animals bar/key interactions

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22
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows

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23
Q

shaping

A

operant conditioning procedure; reinforcers guide toward closer approximation of desired behavior

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24
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits response after association with reinforcement (vs stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

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25
Q

positive reinforcement

A

INCREASING behavior by ADDING a desired stimulus

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26
Q

negative reinforcement

A

INCREASING behavior by REMOVING an undesired stimulus

27
Q

primary reinforcer

A

innately reinforcing stimulus like a biological need

28
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through ASSOCIATION with a primary reinforcer

29
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

pattern that defines how often a behavior is reinforced

30
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing desired behavior EVERY TIME it occurs (quick acquisition->quick extinction)

31
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing response only PART of the time(slow acquisition but less extinction)

32
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after SET NUMBER OF RESPONSES

33
Q

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

A

response is reinforced after an UNPREDICTABLE # OF RESPONSES

34
Q

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

A

response is reinforced only after SET amount of TIME has elapsed

35
Q

variable interval reinforcement schedule

A

response is reinforced at UNPREDICTABLE TIME INTERVALS

36
Q

reinforcement schedule - response rates

A

ratio - higher response rates than interval; variable - more consistent than fixed

37
Q

punishment

A

event that DECREASES the behavior it follows

38
Q

positive punishment

A

DECREASES behavior by ADDING undesirable stimulus

39
Q

negative punishment

A

DECREASES behavior by REMOVING desirable/rewarding stimulus

40
Q

Physical punishment cons

A
  1. punished behavior is suppressed not stopped
  2. teaches discrimination
  3. teaches fear
  4. increases aggression
41
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

strict behaviorist who played role in discoveries about operant conditioning

42
Q

John B. Watson

A

played role in discoveries around classical conditioning through little Albert experiment

43
Q

biofeedback

A

a system for electronically recording amplifying and feeding back information abt subtle physiological states

44
Q

preparedness

A

a biological predisposition to learn associations (ex: taste-nausea) that have survival value

45
Q

john garcia

A

found animals can’t make learn to associate ANY stimulus with ANY response

46
Q

instinctive drift

A

the tendency for learned behavior to revert back to biologically predisposed patterns

47
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

proved animals can learn PREDICTABILITY of an event (thus cognition is involved in conditioning)

48
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problems solution (contrasts strategy based solutions)

49
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but isn’t APPARENT until there’s incentive to demonstrate it

50
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

51
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive a promised reward or avoid threatened punishment

52
Q

problem focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate directly by changing the stressor or our reaction to it

53
Q

emotion focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding stressor and attending to emotional needs related to stress reactions

54
Q

personal control

A

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

55
Q

learned helplessness

A

hopelessness and passive resignation one learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

56
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception WE control our fate

57
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that CHANCES/OUTSIDE FORCES control our fate

58
Q

self control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards

59
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

60
Q

modeling

A

process of observing & imitating a specific behavior

61
Q

Albert Bandura

A

pioneering researcher of observational learning through BoBo experiment

62
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that are believed to fire when we perform actions or see others doing it

63
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive constructive helpful (opposite of antisocial behavior)

AP Psych (12 decks)

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