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AP Psych > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

Sensation and Perception

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1
Q

sensation

A

process of sensory receptors and nervous system receiving and representing stimulus energy from our environment

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2
Q

perception

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory info thus recognizing meaningful things/events

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3
Q

sensory receptors

A

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

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4
Q

bottom up processing

A

analysis starts at receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

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5
Q

top down processing

A

constructs perceptions from sensory input by drawing on experiences and expectations

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6
Q

selective attention

A

consciously focusing awareness on specific stimulus

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7
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see VISIBLE objects when attention is diverted elsewhere

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8
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice CHANGES in the environment

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9
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one energy form into another (physical sensory energy into neural impulses)

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10
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulus energy needed to detect particular stimulus 50% of the time

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11
Q

signal detection theory

A

assumes there’s no universal absolute threshold but detection depends on person’s mood expectation alertness etc

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12
Q

subliminal

A

noise below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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13
Q

difference threshold

A

minimum difference between stimuli for detection 50% of time until we notice JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE

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14
Q

weber’s law

A

2 stimuli must differ by a % not a fixed amount

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15
Q

sensory adaptation

A

decreased sensitivity to constant stimulation

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16
Q

sensory habituation

A

decreased reaction to stimulus after periodic exposure

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17
Q

priming

A

activation (often unconsciously) of certain associations predisposing perceptions memory and responses

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18
Q

perceptual set

A

mental processes color perceptions from CONTEXT

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19
Q

extrasensory perception

A

claimed perceptions possible without sensation

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20
Q

short wavelength/high frequency

A

BLUE colors / HIGH pitch

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21
Q

long wavelength/low frequency

A

RED colors / LOW pitch

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22
Q

great amplitude

A

BRIGHT colors/LOUD noises

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23
Q

small amplitude

A

DULL colors/QUIET noises

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24
Q

cornea

A

he transparent part of the outer covering of the eye, through which light first passes

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25
Q

iris

A

muscle controls pupil and dilates it to let light in

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26
Q

lens

A

behind pupil focuses light rays into image

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27
Q

retina

A

receives upside down image contains receptors to receive light rays

28
Q

accommodation

A

changes lens curvature or thickness based on focus’ distance

29
Q

rods

A

retinal receptors that detect black white and gray; sensitive to movement; peripheral & twilight vision

30
Q

cones

A

retinal receptors concentrated near center of retina; function in well lit condition; detect fine detail and color sensation

31
Q

blind spot

A

point at which optic nerve leaves eye no receptors there

32
Q

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

retina contains 3 different types of color receptors sensitive to red green or blue; stimulating together to create any color

33
Q

opponent process theory

A

opposing retinal processes (red-green; blue-yellow; white-black) enable color vision; some cells are stimulated by green but inhibited by red

34
Q

feature detectors

A

nerves cells in visual cortex respond to specific features of stimulus like shape angle etc; passed on to SUPERCELL CLUSTERS which analyze for complex patterns

35
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of problem simultaneously; brain’s natural information processing for functions

36
Q

gestalt

A

an organized whole; emphasizing tendency to integrate pieces into a meaningful whole

37
Q

figure-ground

A

organization of visual fields into objects and background

38
Q

grouping

A

perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into groups (proximity continuity closure emergence multistability)

39
Q

depth perception

A

ability to see objects in 3D and judge distance

40
Q

retinal disparity

A

brain composes image from 2 eyes; greater the disparity between 2 images the closer the object is

41
Q

monocular cues

A

relative height relative size relative motion interposition linear perspective light/shadow texture

42
Q

phi phenomenon

A

illusion of movement when 2+ adjacent lights blink on & off in quick succession

43
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color despite illumination changing wavelengths reflected by object

44
Q

shape constancy

A

neurons learn to reorganize objects from different angles despite shape change

45
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

ability to adjust to changed sensory input

46
Q

outer ear (pinna)

A

funnels sound waves to eardrum

47
Q

eardrum

A

vibrates from vibrations in air

48
Q

middle ear

A

3 small bones (hammer anvil stirrup)

49
Q

cochlea

A

snail shaped tube in inner ear has small hairs lining it which shake when fluid moves

50
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

caused by damage to cochlear receptor cells or auditory nerve (nerve deafness)

51
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to mechanical system

52
Q

cochlear implant

A

device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes into cochlea

53
Q

place theory

A

links pitch we hear with place on cochleas membrane stimulated (explains high frequencies)

54
Q

frequency theory

A

rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches frequency of tone (100 sound waves/sec-> 100 pulses/sec)

55
Q

volley principle

A

neurons alternate firing in rapid succession to achieve COMBINED frequency of 1000+ waves/sec

56
Q

touch receptors

A

pressure cold warmth pain

57
Q

pain

A

biological: nociceptors detect harmful chemicals, temps, pressure; phantom pains
psychological: attention, memories differ
social: expectations, empathy

58
Q

gate control theory

A

spinal cord contains neurological “gate” that blocks/allows pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in large fibers (massage

59
Q

taste sensations

A

sweet salty sour bitter umami/savory

60
Q

kinesthesia

A

movement sense; system of sensing position & movement of body parts

61
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of body movement and position; enables balance

62
Q

sensory interaction

A

senses influence each other and rely on each other (less taste when nose is clogged)

63
Q

embodied cognition

A

influence of body sensations gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

64
Q

McGurk Effect

A

visual perceptions can overpower auditory sensations

65
Q

sense - location

A

vision - bottom, occipital lobe
hearing - middle, temporal lobe
taste - parietal lobe, above hearing
smell - amygdala, limbic system, behind eyes
kinesthesia/ vestibular - cerebellum
touch - somatosensory cortex, parietal

AP Psych (12 decks)

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