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AP Psych > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

Developmental Psychology

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1
Q

main issues of developmental psych

A

nature vs. nurture
continuity vs stages
stability vs change

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg; enters 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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3
Q

embryo

A

from 2 weeks after fertilization through 2nd month

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4
Q

fetus

A

developing human organism from 9 weeks to birth

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5
Q

terodogens

A

viruses or chemicals that can harm fetus/embryo

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6
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by mothers heavy drinking -> out of proportion head abnormal facial features

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7
Q

maturation

A

biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior; relatively uninfluenced by experience

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8
Q

Jean piaget

A

studied cognitive develop in children -> 4 major theories

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9
Q

PIAGETS 4 MAJOR THEORIES

A
  1. sensorimotor (birth-2yo) babies know world mostly through their sensory and motor experiences + lack object permanence
  2. preoperational (2-6/7) learn to use language but lack logic, egocentric, lack theory of mind
  3. concrete operational (7-11) gain logic for concrete events
  4. formal operational (12->) think logically about abstract ideas
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10
Q

egocentric

A

Piaget theory of preoperational children’s difficulty imagining others’ perspective

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11
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and others mental states and the behaviors these might predict

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12
Q

schema

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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13
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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14
Q

accommodation

A

adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information

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15
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

emphasized growth through interaction with SOCIAL environment

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16
Q

scaffold (Vygotsky)

A

a framework that offers support as they develop higher levels of thinking

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17
Q

zone of proximal development

A

zone between what a child can and can’t do encompassing what a child can do with help

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18
Q

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

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19
Q

Asperger’s syndrome

A

have normal intelligence even a higher proficiency in a specific area but lack social + communication skills and disregarding irrelevant stimuli

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20
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display around 8 months of age

21
Q

attachment

A

emotional tie with another person; shown in young children seeking closeness to caregivers & distress from separation

22
Q

imprinting

A

process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

23
Q

strange situation experiment

A

Mary Ainsworth; where a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns. the child’s reactions are observed for attachments effects

24
Q

secure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver; show only temporary distress when they leave and comfort when they return

25
Q

insecure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who show a clinging anxious attachment or an avoidance attachment resisting closeness

26
Q

temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
genetically influenced

27
Q

basic trust

A

according to Erik Erikson a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy thanks to secure attachment

28
Q

self concept

A

all our thoughts & feelings about ourselves to question “who am I?”

29
Q

parenting styles

A
  1. authoritarian parents are coercive. they impose rules & expect obedience
  2. permissive parents are unrestraining. they set few limits make few demands and use little punishment
  3. negligent parents are uninvolved. they aren’t demanding or responsive
  4. authoritative parents are confrontive. They are demanding and responsive.
30
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence

31
Q

puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

32
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral reasoning

A
  1. preconventional morality: self interest rewards punishments
  2. conventional morality: uphold laws/rules for social standing
  3. postconventional morality: actions reflect belief in rights/principles
33
Q

identity

A

our sense of self according to Erikson; the adolescents task to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

34
Q

social identity

A

that “we” aspect of our social concept; part of our identity that comes from group memberships

35
Q

Erikson’s stages

A

[0-1] Infancy. Basic trust vs mistrust
[1-3] Early Childhood. autonomy vs shame
[3-6] Play age. initiative vs guilt
[6-12] school age. industry vs inferiority
[12-19] Adolescence. identity vs confusion
[20-25] Early Adulthood. intimacy vs isolation
[26-64] adulthood. generativity vs stagnation
[65-💀] Old age. integrity vs despair

36
Q

intimacy (Erikson)

A

the ability to form close loving relationships; a primary development task of young adulthood

37
Q

X Chromosome

A

the sex chromosome found in both males and females. Females have 2

38
Q

Y Chromosome

A

sex chromosome found only in males

39
Q

testosterone

A

most important male sex hormone. both male and female have it but more in males which stimulates growth of male sex organs during fetal period and male sexual development in puberty

40
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

body structures (ovaries/ testes) needed for sexual reproduction

41
Q

spermarche

A

the first ejaculation usually by age 14 the main landmark of puberty

42
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period usually within a year of age 12.5

43
Q

intersex

A

a condition present at birth due to unusual combination of male and female chromosomes hormones and anatomy possessing sexual characteristics of both sexes

44
Q

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS

A

life threatening sexually transmitted disease caused by HIV; depletes the immune system leaving person vulnerable to infection

45
Q

sexual orientation

A

our enduring sexual attraction usually toward members of our own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual) variations include attraction toward both sexes (bisexual)

46
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

causes deterioration of memory and reasoning. 5-20 years -> emotionally flat disoriented inconvenient mentally vacant

47
Q

social clock

A

the culturally preferred timing of social events (marriage parenthood retirement)

48
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

/nonreproductive sexual traits (female breaststroke and hips/ male voice quality and body hair)

AP Psych (12 decks)

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