Unit 7b Flashcards
Cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototype
Mental image or best example of a category, provides quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Algorithm
Procedure that guarantees solving a particular problems
Heuristic
Strategy that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
More error prone than algorithm
Insight
Sudden realization of the solution to a problem
Creativity
Ability to produce valuable ideas
Confirmation bias
Tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and distort contradictory evidence
Fixation
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Mental set
Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often one that was successful in the past
Functional fixedness
Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Representational heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things
Overconfidence
Tendency to be more confident than correct
Belief preseverence
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after they have been discredited
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Framing
The way an issue was posed
Language
Our spokem, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme
Smallest, distinct sound unit
Morpheme
Smallest unit that carries meaning
Word or part of a word
Grammar
Rules that enables us to communicate with others
Semantics
Rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences
Syntax
Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Babbling stage
Infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language
4 months
One word stage
Child speaks mostly in single words
1-2 years
