Unit 2

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

Looking back makes an event seem inevitable

Question 2

Overconfidence

Answer 2

When we are more confident that we know something than we are correct

Question 3

Humility

Answer 3

To be able to admit when he or she is proven wrong

Question 4

Scientific method

Answer 4

Hypothesis
Procedure
Observation
Conclusion
Report findings

Question 5

Theory

Answer 5

Explanation that organizes observations and tries to predict outcomes

Question 6

Hypothesis

Answer 6

Prediction that can be tested

Question 7

Operational definition

Answer 7

Statement of the procedures and concepts

Something that is measured numerically

Question 8

Subjectivity

Answer 8

a judgment based on or including a person’s opinion or emotions

Question 9

Objectivity

Answer 9

Judgment that has had opinion or emotion stripped away from it

Question 10

Methods of research

Answer 10

Case study
Survey
Naturalistic observation

Question 11

Case study

Answer 11

Thorough study of one person in hopes of learning about people in general

Question 12

Survey

Answer 12

Asks questions and deals with many more people, but in much less depth

Question 13

Naturalistic observation

Answer 13

Watching a person or animal behave in its normal surroundings

Question 14

Wording

Answer 14

Results of the survey can be dramatically different depending on the wording of the survey and/or the question order

Question 15

Random sampling

Answer 15

Every person in the group has the same chance of being selected for the survey

Question 16

Representative sample

Answer 16

Where the small group truly represents the whole group

Question 17

Correlational coefficient

Answer 17

Measures how closely two things go together

Question 18

Random selection

Answer 18

Participants come from a large population and are randomly selected to be involved

Question 19

Random assignment

Answer 19

Participants are randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group

Question 20

Double-blind procedure

Answer 20

Participants and researchers don’t know which group they’re in and/or the hypothesis being tested
Cuts down bias

Question 21

Placebo effect

Answer 21

Fake drug that’s just a sugar pill

Question 22

Independent variable

Answer 22

IV

What the experimenter manipulates

Question 23

Dependent variable

Answer 23

DV
What is measured
What the IV supposedly affects

Question 24

Confounding variables

Answer 24

Factors that might make the experiment go wrong

Question 25

Central tendency

Answer 25

Center of a bunch of numbers

Question 26

Mode

Answer 26

The number which occurs most frequently

Question 27

Mean

Answer 27

The average

Question 28

Median

Answer 28

The middle number

Question 29

Range

Answer 29

The distance between the lowest and highest numbers in a group

Question 30

Standard deviation

Answer 30

Measurement of how much the numbers vary from the mean

Question 31

Normal curve

Answer 31

Graph that often occurs in nature with things like height and intelligence scores on tests

Question 32

Validity

Answer 32

Test or bit of research measures what it’s supposed to measure

Question 33

Reliability

Answer 33

The test yields the same results over and over

Question 34

Statistical significance

Answer 34

Observed difference between two numbers is not due to chance

Question 35

Informed consent

Answer 35

Participants:
Know what’s going on
They give their permission to be in the study

Question 36

Debriefing

Answer 36

Researchers and participants go back over the whole experiment