Unit 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Relatively permanent behavior change due to experience

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

An organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Question 3

Associative leaning

Answer 3

Learning that two events occur together

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

One learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 5

Behaviorism

Answer 5

Psychology should be (1) an objective science and (2) studies behaviors without reference to mental processes. Scientists agree with (1) but not (2).

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

Naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Question 8

Conditioned response

Answer 8

Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 9

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

Stimulus that after pairing with the unconditioned stimulus come to trigger a response

Question 10

Acquisition

Answer 10

In classical conditioning the initial stage, in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a response

Question 11

High order conditioning

Answer 11

Footsteps>Door>Bell>Food

Tend to get weaker the further it goes

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

Diminishing of a conditioned response

Question 13

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

Reappearance of an distinguished conditioned response

Question 14

Generalization

Answer 14

Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 15

Discrimination

Answer 15

Ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

Learned helplessness

Answer 16

Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal learns when unable to avoid repeated adverse events

Question 17

Respondent behavior

Answer 17

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli

Question 18

Operant conditioning

Answer 18

Type of learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if by a punisher

Question 19

Law of effect

Answer 19

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

Question 20

Operant chamber

Answer 20

Skinner box

Contains object for animal to manipulate to obtain a reinforcer

Question 21

Shaping

Answer 21

Operant conditioning

Reinforces guide behavior

Question 22

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 22

Operant conditioning

Stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Question 23

Reinforcer

Answer 23

Operant conditioning

Event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 24

Positive reinforcement

Answer 24

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli

Question 25

Negative reinforcement

Answer 25

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

Question 26

Primary reinforcer

Answer 26

Innately reinforces stimulus

Satisfies a biological need

Question 27

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 27

Stimulus that gains reinforcement power through association with a primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer

Question 28

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 28

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 29

Partial (Intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 29

Reinforcing a response only part of the time it occurs

Question 30

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 30

Operant conditioning

Reinforcement after a specified number of responses

Question 31

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 31

Operant conditioning

Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 32

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 32

Operant conditioning

Reinforces a response after a specific amount of time has elapsed

Question 33

Variable interval schedule

Answer 33

Operant Conditioning

Reinforces a response after unpredictable time intervals

Question 34

Punishment

Answer 34

Event that decreases the behavior it followed

Question 35

Cognitive map

Answer 35

Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Question 36

Latent learning

Answer 36

Latent learning

Question 37

Insight

Answer 37

Sudden realization of the solution to a problem

Question 38

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 38

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Question 39

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 39

Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punshiment

Question 40

Observational learning

Answer 40

Learning by observing others

Question 41

Modeling

Answer 41

Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 42

Mirror neurons

Answer 42

Neurons that fire when performing actions or observing another doing so

Question 43

Pro social behavior

Answer 43

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior