Unit 6 Flashcards
Learning
Relatively permanent behavior change due to experience
Habituation
An organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
Associative leaning
Learning that two events occur together
Classical conditioning
One learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Behaviorism
Psychology should be (1) an objective science and (2) studies behaviors without reference to mental processes. Scientists agree with (1) but not (2).
Unconditioned response
Naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that naturally triggers a response
Conditioned response
Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Stimulus that after pairing with the unconditioned stimulus come to trigger a response
Acquisition
In classical conditioning the initial stage, in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a response
High order conditioning
Footsteps>Door>Bell>Food
Tend to get weaker the further it goes
Extinction
Diminishing of a conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
Reappearance of an distinguished conditioned response
Generalization
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
Ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus
Learned helplessness
Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal learns when unable to avoid repeated adverse events
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli
Operant conditioning
Type of learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if by a punisher
Law of effect
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
Operant chamber
Skinner box
Contains object for animal to manipulate to obtain a reinforcer
Shaping
Operant conditioning
Reinforces guide behavior
Discriminative stimulus
Operant conditioning
Stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
Reinforcer
Operant conditioning
Event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli
Negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
Primary reinforcer
Innately reinforces stimulus
Satisfies a biological need
Conditioned reinforcer
Stimulus that gains reinforcement power through association with a primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial (Intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time it occurs
Fixed ratio schedule
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement after a specified number of responses
Variable ratio schedule
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses
Fixed interval schedule
Operant conditioning
Reinforces a response after a specific amount of time has elapsed
Variable interval schedule
Operant Conditioning
Reinforces a response after unpredictable time intervals
Punishment
Event that decreases the behavior it followed
Cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Latent learning
Latent learning
Insight
Sudden realization of the solution to a problem
Intrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Extrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punshiment
Observational learning
Learning by observing others
Modeling
Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Mirror neurons
Neurons that fire when performing actions or observing another doing so
Pro social behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior
