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Human Physiology 2234 > Unit 6 Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 6 Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the Urinary System

A

Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Kidney
Ureter

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2
Q

Kidney Function

A 
Filters Blood Plasma
Regulation 
Secretion
Detoxification
Gluconeogenesis
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3
Q

Kidney Filtration

A

returns useful substances to blood

eliminates waste

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4
Q

Kidney Regulation

A

returns useful substances to blood

eliminates waste

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5
Q

Kidney Secretion

A

Renin and Erythropoeitin

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6
Q

Kidney Detoxification

A

Free Radicals and Drugs

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7
Q

Kidney Excretion

A

Separation of wastes from body fluids and eliminating them

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8
Q

Kidney Excretion (Respiratory)

A

CO2

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9
Q

Kidney Excretion (Integumentary)

A

Water, Salts, Lactic Acid, Urea,

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10
Q

Kidney Excretion (Digestive)

A

water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol

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11
Q

Kidney Excretion (Urinary)

A

many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H+ and water

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12
Q

The Lobe of the Kidney Consists of

A

Renal Pyramid and its Overlying Cortex

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13
Q

Glomerular Filtrate collects in the Capsular space and flows into

A

The Renal Tubule

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14
Q

PCT (Proximal Convoluted Tubule)

A

longest, most coiled, simple cuboidal with brush border

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15
Q

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)

A 
U shaped; descending and ascending limbs
thick segment (simple cuboidal) initial part of descending limb and part or all of ascending limb, active transport of salts
thin segment (simple squamous) very water permeable
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16
Q

DCT (Distal Convoluted Tubule)

A

cuboidal, minimal microvilli

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17
Q

Collecting Duct

A

Several Distal Tubules Joined

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18
Q

Flow of Glomerular Filtrate

A 
Glomerular (Bowman's Capsule)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
Papillary Duct
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
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19
Q

Functional Unit of the Kindey

A

Nephron

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20
Q

Cortical Nephrons make up what percent of nephrons?

A

85%

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21
Q

Cortical Nephrons

A

short nephron loops

efferent arterioles branch off peritubular capillaries

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22
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons Make up what percent of Nephrons

A

15%

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23
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

A

very long nephron loops, maintain salt gradient, helps conserve water

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24
Q

What is the Path of Blood through the Kidneys

A

Renal artery
—–> interlobar arteries (up renal columns, between lobes)
—–>arcuate arteries (over pyramids)
—–> interlobular arteries (up into cortex)
—–> afferent arterioles
—–> glomerulus (cluster of capillaries)
—–> efferent arterioles (near medulla  vasa recta)
—–> peritubular capillaries
—–> interlobular veins —–> arcuate veins —–> interlobar veins
Renal vein

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25
Q

Filtration Membrane- Fenestrated Endothelium

A

70-90nm pores exclude blood cells

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26
Q

Filtration Membrane- Basement Membrane

A

proteoglycan gel, negative charge excludes molecules > 8nm

blood plasma 7% protein, glomerular filtrate 0.03%

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27
Q

Filtration Membrane- Filtration Slits

A

podocyte arms have pedicels with negatively charged filtration slits, allow particles < 3nm to pass

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28
Q

GFR- Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

Filtrate Formed Per Minute

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29
Q

Amount of Filtrate Reabsorbed

A

99% of filtrate reabsorbed, 1 to 2 L urine excreted

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30
Q

GFR in Women

A

GFR = NFP x Kf 105 ml/min or 150 L/day

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31
Q

GFR in Men

A

GFR = NFP x Kf 125 ml/min or 180 L/day

32
Q

In Renal Autoregulation of GFR, an increased BP will result in

A

Constriction of the afferent arteriole, and dilation of the efferent arteriole

33
Q

In Renal Autoregulation of GFR, a decreased BP will result in

A

Dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole

34
Q

What is the stable BP range in the Renal System?

A

80-170 mmHg

35
Q

True or False: The urinary system can adjust to compensate for extremely low or high BP

A

False: It can adjust within limits, but no extremes

36
Q

Myogenic Mechanism

A

An Increase in BP stretches the afferent arteriole. Afferent Arteriole constricts, and restores the GFR

37
Q

Tubuloglomerular Feedback

A

Macula densa on DCT monitors tubular fluid and signals juxtaglomerular cells (smooth muscle, surrounds afferent arteriole) to constrict afferent arteriole to decrease GFR

38
Q

Negative Feedback control of GFR

A 
High GFR
Rapid FLow of filtrate in renal tubules
Sensed by macula Densa on DCT
Paracrine Secetion (Local Control)
Constriction of Afferent Arteriole
Reduced GFR
39
Q

Sympathetic Control of GFR

A

strenuous exercise or acute conditions (circulatory shock) stimulate afferent arterioles to constrict

A Decreased GFR and urine production, redirecting blood flow to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles

40
Q

Hormonal Control of BP

A 
Kidneys recognize a drop in BP and release Renin
Liver releases Angiotensinogen
mixes with Renin to create Angiotensin I
ACE  is released from the lungs
Angiotensin II is converted
Vasoconstriction occurs
Adrenal Cortex releases Aldosterone
Hypothalamus gives Thirst Signal
Sodium and Water Retention occurs w Aldosterone
Elevated BP occurs
41
Q

Effect of Angiotensin II

A

Constricts afferent and Efferent tubules
Reduces glomerular BP and Filtration
Reduces BP in peritubular Capillary
Reduces Resistance to Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Reabsorption increases
Urine Volume is less but concentration is high

42
Q

Peritubular Capillaries

A

Blood has unusually high COP here, and BHP is only 8 mm Hg (or lower when constricted by angiotensin II); this favors reabsorption
Water absorbed by osmosis and carries other solutes with it (solvent drag)

43
Q

PCT (Proximal Convoluted Tubule Reabsorbs how much Glomerular Filtrate?

A

65% of GF to the Peritubular Capillaries

44
Q

True or False: The PCT contains Microvilli

A

True: The PCT contains

Great length, prominent microvilli and abundant mitochondria for active transport

45
Q

Trancellular Route

A

Reabsorption Through Epithelial Cells of PCT

46
Q

Paracellular Route

A

Reabsorption between epithelial Cells of PCT

47
Q

Transport Maximum

A

when transport proteins of cell membrane are saturated; blood glucose > 220 mg/dL some remains in urine (glycosuria); glucose Tm = 320 mg/min

48
Q

What is the Primary Function of the Loop of Henle

A

water conservation
generates salinity gradient, allows CD to conc. urine
also involved in electrolyte reabsorption

49
Q

Functions of PCT and Loop of Henle

A

Waste removal
urea, uric acid, bile salts, ammonia, catecholamines, many drugs
Acid-base balance
secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions regulates pH of body fluids

50
Q

Principal Cells

A

receptors for hormones; involved in salt/water balance

51
Q

Intercalated Cells

A

involved in acid/base balance

52
Q

Function of DCT and Collecting Duct

A

Fluid Reabsorption here is variable, regulated by hormonal action

53
Q

Aldosterone effects

A 
Decreased BP
Renin released
Angiotensin II Formation
Angiotensin II stimulates Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Cortex secretes Aldosterone
Promotes Na+ Reabsorption
Promotes Water Reabsorption
Decreases Urine Volume
Maintains BP
54
Q

Effects of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

A 
dehydration stimulates hypothalamus 
hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary 
posterior pituitary releases ADH
ADH increases water reabsorption
decrease urine volume
55
Q

ANP

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor/Peptide

Atria secrete ANP in response to increased BP

56
Q

ANP actions

A
  1. dilates afferent arteriole, constricts efferent arteriole - increases GFR
  2. inhibits renin/angiotensin/aldosterone pathway
  3. inhibits secretion and action of ADH
  4. inhibits NaCl reabsorption
57
Q

What Promotes Na+ and Water excretion, increases urine Volume, decreases Blood Volume, and BP

A

ANP/ANF

Atrial Natriuretic Factor/Peptide

58
Q

Effects of PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

A

Increased Calcium Reabsorption in DCT (increased Blood Ca2+)
Increased Phosphate excretion in PCT, decreased new bone formation
Stimulates kidney production of calcitrol

59
Q

Urine Concentration in the medulla vs in Collecting ducts

A

4x more concentrated in collecting ducts than in medulla

60
Q

The medullary portion of the collecting duct is more permeable to

A

Water than NaCl

61
Q

Producing Hypotonic Urine

A

NaCl reabsorbed by cortical CD

water remains in urine

62
Q

Producing Hypertonic Urine

A 
Dehydration
INcreased ADH
Increased Aquaporin channels
increased CD water permeability
More water is reabsorbed
Urine is more concentrated
63
Q

Countercurrent Multiplier

A

Recaptures NaCl and returns it to renal medulla

64
Q

Decending Limb countercurrent multiplier

A

reabsorbs water but not salt

concentrates tubular fluid

65
Q

Ascending Limb Countercurrent Multiplier

A

reabsorbs Na+, K+, and Cl-
maintains high osmolarity of renal medulla
impermeable to water
tubular fluid becomes hypotonic

66
Q

Recycling of Urea: Collecting Duct-Medulla

A

urea accounts for 40% of high osmolarity of medulla

67
Q

Countercurrent Multiplier of Loop of Henle

A

More salt Continually added to PCT
The Higher osmolarity of the ECF, more water leaves by osmosis
More water leaves, saltier the fluid gets
Saltier fluid gets pumped into ECF

68
Q

Countercurrent exchange system is formed by

A

Vasa Recta

69
Q

Vasa Recta

A

provide blood supply to medulla

do not remove NaCl from medulla

70
Q

Descending capillaries of Vasa recta

A

water diffuses out of blood

NaCl diffuses into blood

71
Q

Ascending Capillaries of Vasa Recta

A

water diffuses into blood

NaCl diffuses out of blood

72
Q

Urine Appearance

A

almost colorless to deep amber; yellow color due to urochrome, from breakdown of hemoglobin (RBC’s)

73
Q

Urine Odor

A

as it stands bacteria degrade urea to ammonia

74
Q

Specific Gravity of Urine

A

density of urine ranges from 1.001 -1.028

75
Q

Osmolarity of Urine

A

(blood - 300 mOsm/L) ranges from 50 mOsm/L to 1,200 mOsm/L in dehydrated person

76
Q

Urine pH range

A

4.5 - 8.2, usually 6.0

77
Q

Chemical Composition of Urine

A

95% water, 5% solutes

urea, NaCl, KCl, creatinine, uric acid

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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