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Human Physiology 2234 > Unit 1- Introduction to Human Physiology and Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Unit 1- Introduction to Human Physiology and Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Living Organisms?

A 
Organization
Acquire Materials and Energy from Environment
Grow and Develop
Reproduce
Respond to Stimuli
Homeostatic
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2
Q

What are the Levels of Organization?

A 
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
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3
Q

Nutrients provide ____ for energy

A

Materials

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4
Q

Energy is….

A

The Capacity to do work

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5
Q

Work is needed to…

A

Maintain the organization of the cell and the organism, which is needed for growth, reproduction, and development

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6
Q

What is needed for chemical reactions to occur in the human body?

A

Oxygen, Water, and Proper Body Temperature

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7
Q

With proper nutrients and environment, what occurs?

A

Normal Growth and Development.

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8
Q

Life comes only from?

A

Life

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9
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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10
Q

Genes code for

A

Proteins

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11
Q

What is necessary for all life?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

Proteins are necessary for what type of reactions?

A

Metabolic reactions

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells

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14
Q

Stimulus

A

A Specific form of energy detected by receptors

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15
Q

What do Stimuli do?

A

Make an organism aware of its internal and external environments.

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16
Q

Receptors

A

Detect environmental stimuli

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17
Q

Integrators

A

receive information from receptors and determine response; integrators send information about a response to effectors.

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18
Q

Effectors

A

Generate a response to the original stimulus

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment within its tolerance limit.

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20
Q

Tolerance Limits

A

A Narrow range of conditions where cellular processes are able to function at a level consistent with continuation of life in response to changes in the internal and external environment

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21
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms involved in homeostasis?

A

Structural
Behavioral
Functional

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22
Q

Structural homeostatic maintenance

A

Physical features of the organism

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23
Q

Behavioral Homeostatic maintenance

A

Actions and interactions of the organism

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24
Q

Functional Homeostatic maintenance

A

Metabolism of organism (Cellular, Tissue Level, or Organ)

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25
Q

Homeostasis is a self-adjusting mechanism involving ______.

A

Feedback

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26
Q

Feedback Mechanisms

A

Occur when the response to a stimulus has an effect of some kind on the original stimulus.

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27
Q

Negative Feedback

A

When the response diminishes the original stimulus.

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28
Q

Example of a Negative feedback loop

A

Exercise creates metabolic heat which raises body temp. (stimulus), cooling mechanisms such as vasodilation and sweating (response), body temp. falls (decreasing original stimulus)

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29
Q

Positive Feedback

A

When the response enhances the original stimulus.

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30
Q

What type of feedback is more common?

A

Negative

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31
Q

Example of a Positive Feedback Loop?

A

Baby begins to suckle her mother’s nipple (stimulus), a few drops of milk are released (response), baby is encouraged and continues to suckle increasing milk released ( increasing original stimulus)

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32
Q

What systems control Homeostasis?

A

The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

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33
Q

What is the link between the Nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

The Hypothalamus

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34
Q

Both Homeostasis and _____ are endogenous systems responsible for maintaining the internal stability of an organism.

A

Allostasis

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35
Q

Allostasis Word Origin

A

Allostasis was coined similarly, from the Greek allo, which means “variable;” thus, “remaining stable by being variable

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36
Q

Homeostasis Word Origin

A

from the Greek homeo, means “same,” while stasis means “stable;” thus, “remaining stable by staying the same

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37
Q

Allostatic Load

A

It’s the price the body has to pay for either doing its job less efficiently or simply being overwhelmed by too many challenges

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38
Q

Allostatic Load

A

The physiological wear and tear on the body that results from ongoing adaptive efforts to maintain stability (homeostasis) in response to stressors

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39
Q

What are the 11 Organ Systems

A 
Nervous
Reproductive
Nephro/Urine
Skeletal
Muscular
Lymphatic/Immune
Integumentary/Exocrine
Respiratory
Endocrine
Digestive
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40
Q

What are the parts of the Central Nervous System?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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41
Q

What are the parts of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Nerves
Ganglia
Sensory Division
Motor Division

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42
Q

What makes up the Sensory Division of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Visceral Sensory Division

Somatic Sensory Division

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43
Q

What makes up the Motor Division of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Visceral Motor Division

Somatic Motor Division

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44
Q

What makes up the Visceral Motor Division of the peripheral Motor Division of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic Division

Parasympathetic Division

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45
Q

What are the 3 Types of Neurons?

A

Sensory (Afferent)
Interneurons
Motor (Efferent)

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46
Q

90% of our Neurons are _______

A

Interneurons

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47
Q

What is the function of Interneurons

A

Process, Store, and Retrieve information

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48
Q

Interneurons lie between the ______ and ____ Pathways in the Central Nervous System.

A

Sensory

Motor

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49
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

A

Conduct signals from receptors to the CNS

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50
Q

Interneurons (Association Neurons)

A

are confined to the CNS

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51
Q

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

A

Conduct signals from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands.

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52
Q

Cell Body

A

Soma

Perikaryon

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53
Q

The structure of a Neuron includes a single, central _____ with a large _____

A

Nucleus

Nucleolus

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54
Q

The structure of a Neuron includes a cytoskeleton of ______ and _____ (bundles of actin filaments)

A

Microtubules

Neurofibrils

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55
Q

The Neuron’s cytoskeleton compartmentalizes ____ into Nissl Bodies

A

RER

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56
Q

Lipofuscin

A

product of breakdown of worn-out organelles – more with age

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57
Q

Neurons’ structure includes a vast number of ____ for receiving signals

A

Dendrites

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58
Q

Neuron structure includes a single ____ arising from a hillock for rapid conduction

A

Axon

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59
Q

What are the variations in Neural Structure?

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Anaxonic

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60
Q

What are the types of Neuroglial cells?

A

Ogliodendrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglia
Astrocytes

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61
Q

What is the general purpose of the Nervous System?

A

Receive, Transmit, and Interpret Stimuli

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62
Q

Example of the Nervous System receiving stimuli

A

Eyes

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63
Q

Example of the nervous System Transmitting Stimuli

A

Sensory and Motor Nerves

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64
Q

Example of the Nervous System Interpreting Stimuli

A

Brain or Spinal Cord

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65
Q

Example of the Nervous System Carrying out a decision

A

With the Muscles of the Arm.

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66
Q

What is the function of Neuroglial Cells

A

Support, protect, and Nourish Neurons

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67
Q

What is the most numerous type of cells in the nervous system?

A

Neuroglial Cells

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68
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Processes attach to neurons and their synaptic endings.
Cover nearby capillaries and anchor neurons to them.
Take up glucose from capillaries and deliver it to neurons as lactic acid.

Needed for synapse formation within the CNS.

Form the blood brain barrier.

Control the chemical environment around neurons by regulating K+ in the ECF, and recapturing and recycling neurotransmitters.

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69
Q

Microglia

A

Monitor health of Neurons

Can differentiate to macrophages when microorganisms are present

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70
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line Cavities of brain and spinal cord

Form permeable barrier between CSF and Interstitial fluid of the brain

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71
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form Myelin Sheath

Make up white matter in the CNS

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72
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Form Myelin Sheath in the PNS

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73
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Support Cell Bodies of neurons in the PNS

Control Extracellular Fluid around Neurons

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74
Q

Name the Parts of a Neuron (And be able to label them)

A 
Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon Hillock
Axon
Axon Terminal
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75
Q

Function of Dendrites

A

To receive the Neurotransmitter (Stimuli)

Convey Local Potentials to the cell body->Axon Hillock

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76
Q

Function of Nucleus in the Cell Body

A

Interpret Stimuli and be the Biosynthetic center of the cell

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77
Q

Axon Hillock Function

A

Generate Action Potentials

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78
Q

The Myelin Sheath in Neurons is composed of:

A

the cell membrane of the cell, and the neurilemma contains cell membrane, cytosol, and organelles

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79
Q

Function of the Axon

A

Conduct Action Potentials away from the cell body

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80
Q

Axon Terminal Function

A

secrete neurotransmitter substances

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81
Q

What are the three types of Neurons (Structural)

A

Multipolar
Unipolar
Bipolar

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82
Q

What is the most common structure of a Neuron?

A

Multipolar

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83
Q

What is the second most common structure of a Neuron?

A

Unipolar

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84
Q

Where are Bipolar Neurons found in the body?

A

Nasal Mucosa and Retina of the eye

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85
Q

The Plasma Membrane is more permeable to ___ Ions than any other ions and molecules.

A

K+

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86
Q

K+ Ions diffuse ____ the cell (Eflux) due to its concentration gradient (Chemical force)

A

Out of

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87
Q

K+ Ions are also acted upon by a ___ Force which draws K+ back into the cell due to the charged proteins and phosphate groups in the ICF

A

Electrical

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88
Q

If the cell were only permeable to K+ Ions, the cell would be at equlibrium potential at _____

A

-90mV

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89
Q

K+ ions are moving through ____-_____ ion channels ___ of the cell

A

Non-Gated

Out

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90
Q

Na+ Ions move ___ the cell (influx) due to the concentration gradient

A

Into

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91
Q

If the cell were only permeable to Na+ ions, the equilibrium potential would be

A

60mV

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92
Q

N and K Concentrations

A

K+ moves out (Eflux)

Na+ moves in (Influx)

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93
Q

What is the Nernst Equation

A

Allows the theoretical membrane potential to be calculated for a particular Ion

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94
Q

Resting Membrane Potential of the Neuron is

A

-70mV

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95
Q

What is the function of Na/K Pump?

A

Maintains the Ion concentration and Resting Membrane Potential.

96
Q

In the Na/K Pump, for every 3 Na+ ions pumped out of the cell, how many K+Ions are pumped into the cell.

97
Q

The Na/K Pump is active transport which requires ___ because it pumps against ion gradients

98
Q

the Na/K Pump is responsible for ___ to ___ mV of the Resting Membrane Potential

99
Q

Association Neuron (Interneuron)

A

Multipolar Neuron located entirely within the CNS

100
Q

Sensory Neuron (Afferent Neuron)

A

Neuron that transmits impulses from a sensory receptor into the CNS

101
Q

Motor Neuron (Efferent Neuron)

A

Neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to an Effector Organ (Like a muscle)

102
Q

Nerve

A

Cablelike collection of many axons in the PNS; may be mixed

103
Q

Somatic Motor Nerve

A

Nerve that stimulates contraction of Skeletal Muscles

104
Q

Autonomic Motor Nerve

A

Nerve that stimulates contraction (Or inhibits contractions) of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and that stimulates glandular secretion

105
Q

Ganglion

A

grouping of Neuron bodies located outside the CNS

106
Q

What is the difference between Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocytes?

A

Oligodendrocytes myelinate neurons in the CNS while Schwann cells myelinate neurons in the PNS.

107
Q

Action Potential

A

a sequence of rapidly occurring electrical events that reverse the MEMBRANE’S RESTING POTENTIAL

108
Q

How is the Action Potential reached?

A
  1. Local Potentials must reach the axon hillock

2. Local Potentials must produce enough depolarization to reach the threshold voltage of the neuron

109
Q

Action Potentials begin in the

A

Axon Hillock

110
Q

Na+ AND K+ Voltage-gated channels produce the ____ _____ along the axon of the neuron.

A

Action Potential

111
Q

What are the electrical effects of

A

Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

112
Q

In the resting state of a cell, what is the state of the Na+ and k+ gated channels?

A

Na+ Closed

K+ Closed

113
Q

In Depolarization of a cell, what is the status of the Na+ and K+ gated channels?

A

Na+ Voltage gated channels are open and move into the cell.
K+ Gates are closed

114
Q

What is the point at which K+ gates open and Na+ gates close?

115
Q

What is the state when K+ Gates open and Na+ gates close?

A

Repolarization

116
Q

Hyperpolarization Voltage gate states

A

Na+ Gates closed
K+ Gates open
K+ keeps moving in the cell to push past (Below) -70mV

117
Q

Refractory Period

A

The period of time during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential

118
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

no stimulus, regardless of its strength can produce an action potential

119
Q

Relative refractory period

A

A greater than normal stimulus is necessary to cause an action potential

120
Q

What factors impact the velocity of the Action Potential transmission?

A

Diameter of the Axon

Presence (Or Lack of ) Myelin

121
Q

In a myelinated Axon, the Action Potential is regenerated where?

A

The Nodes of Ranvier

122
Q

What is the Node of Ranvier?

A

Spaces between the Myelin Sheath (either Oligodendrocytes or Schwann Cells)

123
Q

What are the 3 classifications of Axons Based on their Speed of Conduction?

124
Q

What type of Axon fibers have the largest diameter?

125
Q

True or False: A Fibers are always Myelinated?

126
Q

What is the conduction speed of “A” Fibers?

A

120-130 M/Sec

127
Q

What is an example of a type “A” Fiber?

A

Motor Neuron which innervate Skeletal Muscle

128
Q

B Fibers have axon Diameters of 2-3 microns and (are/Are Not) Myelinated

129
Q

What is the conduction speed of B Fibers

130
Q

B Fibers are associated with sensory impulses from the viscera to the ____ and ____ _____

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

131
Q

B Fibers are associated the Autonomic Nervous System from the CNS to the _______ ______.

A

Autonomic Ganglia

132
Q

C Fibers are associated with Pain Impulses from

A

Viscera and some somatic sensations

133
Q

C Fibers are associated with ANS motor Neurons from the _____ to the Effects

134
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System Manage?

A

Involuntary Body Function

135
Q

What types of organs, muscles and glands are managed by the ANS?

A

Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Glands

136
Q

How does the ANS regulate Cardac Muscle?

A

Heart Rate

Heart Amplitude

137
Q

How does the ANS regulate Smooth Muscle

A

Blood Vessel Diameter

Digestive Tract Movement

138
Q

How does the ANS regulate Glands

139
Q

The ANS has __ neuron (s) in its efferent pathway

140
Q

The Preganglionic Neuron in the ANS

A

Has the Cell Body in the CNS

141
Q

The Postganglionic Neuron in the ANS

A

Has the Cell Body in a Ganglion and extends from the ganglion to the target tissue

142
Q

Cholinergic Synapses release what neeurotransmitter into the Synaptic cleft?

A

Acetyl Choline

143
Q

Adrenergic Synapses release what neurotransmitter into the Synaptic Cleft?

A

Norepinephrine

144
Q

The synapse between the somatic motor neuron and skeletal muscle is what type?

A

Cholinergic

145
Q

The synapse between the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron is what type?

A

Cholinergic

146
Q

The synapse between the parasympathetic postganglionic neuron and the target organ is what type of synapse?

A

Adrenergic

147
Q

What is the receptor used in cholinergic synapses between the somatic motor neuron and the skeletal muscle?

A

Nicontinic

148
Q

What type of synapse is between the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic nervous system and the postganglionic neuron? What is the receptor used

A

Cholinergic

Nicotinic

149
Q

What types of synapses in the sympathetic nervous system us between the Postganglionic neuron and the Target organs?

A

Alpha 1
Beta1
Alpha 2
Beta 2

150
Q

The sympathetic nervous system runs between which vertebrae?

151
Q

What type of synapse in the parasympathetic nervous system is between the postganglionic neuron and the target organ? What neurotransmitter is released? What type of receptor is present in the synaptic cleft?

A

Cholinergic
Acetyl Choline
Muscarinic Receptor

152
Q

What is the function of Alpha receptors int he symathetic nervous system?

A

Contract smoth muscle

153
Q

What is the function of beta receptors in the synmpathetic nervous system?

A

Relax Smooth Muscle

154
Q

Where are Alpha 1 receptors typically located in the body?

A

Most blood vessels

155
Q

Where are Alpha 2 receptors typically located in the body

A

Platelet membranes

156
Q

Where are Beta 1 receptors typically located in the body?

A

Cardiac Muscle

157
Q

Where are Beta 2 receptors typically located in the body?

A

Smooth muscle of Coronary Arteries, Bronchioles, Urinary, and Digestive Walls

158
Q

What is an effect of an Alpha 1 receptor?

A

Dilates Pupils

159
Q

What is an effect of Alpha 2 Receptor in the body?

A

Increased Blood Clotting

160
Q

?What is an effect of the Beta 1 receptor in the body?

A

Inrease Heart Rate

Increase strength of contraction

161
Q

What is an effect of the Beta 2 receptor in the body?

A

Relax smooth muscle in organ walls

Bronchioles relaxed gives more air

162
Q

Drugs that promote neurotransmitter actions are called

163
Q

Drugs that inhibit (block) Neurotransmitter actions are called

A

Antagonists

164
Q

Adrenergic blockers

A

Block Epinephrine and norepinephrine

165
Q

Alpha one blocker example and function

A

Phentolamine

Decreases Blood pressure

166
Q

Sympathetic Division is known for

A

Fight or Flight

167
Q

Parasympathetic division is known for

A

Diges t and rest

168
Q

Sypathetic division upsets what

A

Homeostasis

169
Q

Parasympathetic division pmromotes what

A

Homeostasis

170
Q

Thoracolumbar division

171
Q

Paraverebral Ganglia

A

Sympathetic chain parallel to the spinal cord which has internconnected ganglia

172
Q

Ca2+ is high

A

outside the Cell

173
Q

Ca2+ is low

A

Inside the Cell

174
Q

True or False: Neurotransmitters enter the taaret cell

A

False: The nerutransmitter binds to the taret cell’s recepotrs in the synaptic cleft t spark the local potential in the post ganglionic cell

175
Q

What are te postganglion ic neurons that do not synase in the sympathetic chain>?

A

Collateral Ganglia

176
Q

Where is the parasympatheric nervous system located?

A

Craniosacral region: Brain stem and S2-S4

177
Q

Parasympathetic division has long _____ neyrons whihc prignate in the brains tem

A

Preganglionic

178
Q

Parasymapthetic ivision has short _____ neurons which terminate next to or insude?

A

Postganglionic

Target ORgans

179
Q

What nerve carries most preganglionic fiers to the body’s organs?

A

Vagus Nerve

180
Q

The s2-s4 nerves innervate those not done bt the

A

Vagus Nerve

181
Q

Preganglionic neurons are always

A

Myelinated

182
Q

Ganglion chains are locate in what division

A

Sympathetic Nervous system

183
Q

What is an ecample of a Beta 1 blocker and what is its function?

A

Atenolol

Decreases Heart Rate

184
Q

What is the function of a Nicoitinic Cholinergic Blocker?

A

Block nicotinic receptrirs for Ach

185
Q

What is an example of a Nicotinic Cholinergic Blocker and what is its function?

A

Curare

Neuromuscular Blocking aent used for relaxation paralysis

186
Q

What type of drug is used for diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Nicotinic Cholinergic Blocker (Curare)

187
Q

What is the function of Muscarinic Cholinergic Blockers?

A

Block Muscarinic Receptors for Ach

188
Q

What is an example of a MUscarinic Cholinergic Blocker? What is its function?

A

Atropene
Dialates Pupils
Decrease salivation
Decrease respiratory secretions

189
Q

Atropene blocks what receptor to increase heart rate to normal?

190
Q

Most organs have dual innervation from both the

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

191
Q

Effects of Dual innervation are usually

A

Antagonistic

192
Q

Purpose of the Action Potential

A

Produce a change in the axon terminal o vesicles with neurotransmitters move to the membrane

193
Q

What are the Components fo the Action Potentials in a Neuron?

A

Voltage-Gated Sodm channels
Voltage-Gated potassium channels
Sodium and potassium gradients
Sodium Potassium Pump

194
Q

Local Potentials are generated by hwhat

A

EPSP or IPSP

195
Q

What is the function of the Axon Hillock

A

Collect Local Potentials to activate Action Potentials

196
Q

What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier

A

Reactivate local potentials between the myekination of Schwann cells or ologodendrcytes

197
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

198
Q

At resing Membrane Potential, Both K and Na Gates are

199
Q

Component of the Action Potential

A

Resting Membrane Potential
Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

200
Q

at -55 Mv, what occurs

A

Dpolarization occurs and Na+ Voltage regulated channesl open and NA+ ions enter the cell

Inside of membrane becomes more positive
K

201
Q

At 30+ mv, what occurs in the cell?

A

Na C channel closes and + Opens
K+ os leaving the cell driving the cell fown towards RMP
Inside of membrane becomes ess positive

202
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Na+ gates are cloased

K+ is open, driving cell below RMP

203
Q

Action Potental at the Hillock and Axon terminal must all be the sae ____ and ____ to function

A

Amplitude and Strength

204
Q

True or False: Local Potentials regernerate?

A

False: Local potentials fo not rgenerate. They are overcome with temporal and spatial summation

205
Q

Refractory Period

A

The period of time wit

206
Q

True or False: Local Potentials regernerate?

A

False: Local potentials fo not regenerate. They are overcome with temporal and spatial summation

207
Q

Refractory Period

A

The period of time which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential. Prevents it from moving backwards through the axon

208
Q

Absolute refractory oeruiod

A

No stmulus, regardless of its strength can produce an action potential

Due to inactivated SodiumChannels

209
Q

Relative refractory Period

A

A reater than normal stimulus is necessary to cuase an action potential

Due to continued outard diffusion of K+

210
Q

ypoerpolarization

A

The membrane reuturns to MP by sing non-gated cahnnel proteins and the Na+K+ Pump, which uses ATP. (Always ensuring gradients are estabished)

211
Q

Hyperpolariatin kees what form happening

A

Action Potential goning int he opposite direction

212
Q

Speed of action potentials depends on what?

A

Myelination

213
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers in myelination?

214
Q

Ligand

A

A Protein that binds to a pcoket on the gated channel (Neurotransmitter)

215
Q

The Na/K Pump can only change the potential by

216
Q

Function of the Myelin sheath

A

Help run the action potential faster

217
Q

The axon Hillock myst receive enough positive charges from ____ if action potential is to form

218
Q

The plasma membrane is more poermeable to ___ ions than any other ions or molecules

219
Q

Na+ Ions are also attracted to the ___ groups and negatively charged ions inside the cell via its concentration gradient
and electrical atraction force

A

Phosphate groups

220
Q

If K+ was by itself in the mebrane w no other ions, the potential would only reach

221
Q

The Na+ gradient of -20 Mv headded with the K9 gradient of -90 Mv helps reach RMP of

222
Q

Na is _______ less permeable in the membrane than K+ Ions

223
Q

K+ Moves ___ of the Cell

A

Out (Efflux)

224
Q

Na+ Moves ____ of the cell

A

In (Influx)

225
Q

Channel Proteins are one way. Why?

A

Because going against the gradient is active trasnport and requires energy

226
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump takes ___ Na and moves them ___ the cell

227
Q

Sodium potassium Punmp takes ___ K+ and mvoes them ____ the Cell

228
Q

What is the purpose of the Nerst equation

A

to measure the theoretical Membrane potential for one Ion.

229
Q

Anything dissolved in water has a _____.

230
Q

Cholerterol rovides ____ ____ n the plasma membrane

A

Structural Support

231
Q

Intracellular FLuid includes

A

K+ Phosphate groups

Negatively charged poteins

232
Q

Extraellylar fluid contains

A

Na+ Cl- HCO3-

Ca2+

233
Q

What is interstitial Fluid

A

Fluid in h the tissue surrounding the cell

234
Q

RMP is initally established int he uterus as the fetus develops a

A

Nervous system

235
Q

Fnction of the nervous systmem

A

Ti receue, trasnmit, and interpret stimuli

236
Q

Afferent Pathays Go

237
Q

Efferent Pathways goI

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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