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Human Physiology 2234 > Lab Exam 2- Hematology & Cardiology > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2- Hematology & Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Viscosity

A

resistance to flow

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2
Q

Whole blood is __ times as viscous as water

A

5

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3
Q

Osmolarity

A

Total Molarity of dissolved particles Sodium Ions, Proteins, RBCs

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4
Q

High Osmolarity

A

Causes Fluid absorption in the blood; Raises BP

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5
Q

Low Osmolarity

A

Causes Fluid to remain in tissues; May Result in Edema

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6
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Has Heme groups which bind Oxygen to Fe2+ Ions

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7
Q

RBC count and Hemoglobin concentration indicate

A

The amout of O2 the blood can carry

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8
Q

Hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume)

A

% of Blood composed of cells

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9
Q

Hematocrit values are lower in (women/men)

A

women

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10
Q

Why are values lower in women

A

Androgens stimulate RBC production Periodic menstrual losses

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11
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red Blood Cell

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12
Q

Leukocyte

A

White Blood Cell

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13
Q

What is the function of a Heme Group?

A

Binds Oxygen to Fe2+

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14
Q

What is the body’s process when inadequate O2 transport occurs

A

Sensed by liver and Kidneys Secretion of Erythropoietin Stimulation of Red Bone Marrow Accelerated Erythropoiesis Increased RBC Count Increased O2 Transport

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15
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of Red Blood Cells

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16
Q

Erythropoeitin

A

glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia

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17
Q

Life Cycle of an Erythrocyte

A

Pluripotent Stem Cell Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) Erythroblast (Precursor Cell) Reticulocyte (Precursor Cell) Mature Cell (Erythrocyte)

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18
Q

Erythrocytes cycle in the blood for how many days?

A

120

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19
Q

Expired RBCs are broken up in the

A

Liver and Spleen

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20
Q

Antigens

A

Unique Molecules on the Cell Surface

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21
Q

Antibodies

A

Secreted by Plasma Cells

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22
Q

Agglutination

A

Causes Clumping

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23
Q

How is someone’s ABO Blood type determined?

A

the presence or absence of antigens (agglutinogens) on RBCs

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24
Q

Type A Blood has what type of Antigens?

A

Type A

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25
Q

Type B Blood has what type of Antigens?

A

Type B

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26
Q

Type AB Blood has what type of Antigens?

A

A & B

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27
Q

Type O Blood has what type of Antigens?

A

None

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28
Q

What is the most common type of Blood?

A

O

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29
Q

What is the rarest type of blood?

A

AB

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30
Q

Hemolytic Disease of a Newborn

A

Rh Antibodies attack fetal blood Causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome

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31
Q

Hemolytic Disease of a Newborn

A

Rh Antibodies attack fetal blood Causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome

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32
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes Agranylocytes

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33
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils Esinophils Basophils

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34
Q

What is the most common type of Granulocyte

A

Neutrophil

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35
Q

What is the rarest type of Granulocyte?

A

Basophils

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36
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes Monocytes

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37
Q

Neutrophils are usually present when

A

There is an increase in Bacterial infection

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38
Q

Esinophils are usually present when

A

There is an increase in parasitic infections or allergies

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39
Q

Basophils are usually present when

A

There is an increase in Chicken Pox, Sinusitis, and Diabetes

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40
Q

Lymphocytes are usually present when

A

There is an increase in diverse infections and immune responses

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41
Q

Monocytes are usually present when

A

There is an increase in viral infections and inflammation *These differentiate into Macrophages

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42
Q

Which type of Leukocytes differentiate into Macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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43
Q

Platelets are also known as

A

Thrombocytes

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44
Q

What are the functions of Platelets?

A

Secrete Clotting factors and growth factors for vessel repair Initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme Phagocytize Bacteria Chemically attract neutrophils and monocytes at sites of inflammation

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45
Q

Megakaryoblast

A

a precursor cell to a promegakaryocyte, which in turn becomes a megakaryocyte during haematopoiesis. It is the beginning of the thrombocytic series.

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46
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.

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47
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.

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48
Q
A

RBC

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49
Q
A

Erythrocyte

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50
Q
A

Hemoglobin Structure

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51
Q
A

Hypoxemia Cycle

52
Q
A

Erythrocyte Production

53
Q
A

Erythrocyte Recycling

54
Q
A

Type B

55
Q
A

Type O

56
Q
A

Type AB Blood

57
Q
A

Type B Blood

58
Q
A

Type A Blood

59
Q
A

Neutophil

60
Q
A

Eosinophil

61
Q
A

Basophil

62
Q
A

Lymphocyte

63
Q
A

Monocyte

64
Q
A

Megakaryoblast to Thrombocyte

65
Q

Hematology Includes

A

Plasma Proteins, Count, type, Enzymes present, RBC Count, and WBC Count

66
Q

True or False: RBCs barely fit through capillaries

A

True

67
Q

70% of WBCs are supposed to Be

A

Neutrophils

68
Q

Components of Blood

A

Plasma (Matrix)

Water

Plasma Proteins

Molecules/Ions

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Leukocytes (WBCs)

Thrombocytes (platelets)

69
Q
A
70
Q

Properties of Blood

A

Viscosity

Osmolarity

71
Q

The Liver makes 80% of

A

Plasma Proteins

72
Q

Under the Microscope, Basophils look

A

Dark Purple

73
Q

Under the Microscope, Neutrophils look

A

Attracted to Neutral Colors

74
Q

Under the Microscope, Eosinophils look

A

Attracted to Pink Colors

75
Q

What are the plasma proteins present in blood?

A

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

76
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A Quaternary protein made of 2 Alpha and 2 Betas

77
Q

What type of blood cell has no nucleus?

Why?

A

RBCs have no nucleus

Its only function is to carry O2

78
Q

Erythrocytes are full of

A

Hemoglobin

79
Q

Where does the recycled Hemoglobin go?

A

Heme groups w Iron are sent back to the Bone Marrow or the liver

Bilirubin (Pigment) goes to the small intestine and Feces (Brown color)

Globin is broken into AAs to the blood for other cells or liver keeps it to make more plasma proteins

80
Q

Normal Value of Hematocrit for Men

A

47% Cells

81
Q

Normal Value of Hematocrit for Men

A

42% Cells

82
Q

Hemoglobin Concentration of Whole Blood in Men

A

13-18 g/dL

83
Q

Hemoglobin Concentration of Whole Blood in Women

A

12 g/dL

84
Q

Normal RBC Count in Men

A

4.6-6.2 Million/microliter

85
Q

Normal RBC Count in Women

A

4.2-5.4 Million/Microliter

86
Q

How do Antigens Operate?

A

It determines if a molecule is foreign to the body or not

87
Q

True or False: RBCs do not produce Antibodies

A

True

88
Q

What type of Antibodies does type A Blood make

A

B Antibodies

89
Q

What type of Antibodies does Type B blood make?

A

A Antibodies

90
Q

What type of Antibodies does Type AB Blood make?

A

Neither type A or B

91
Q

What type of Antibodies does type O Blood make?

A

Both A and B Antibodies

92
Q

Under the microscope, Thrombocytes look like

A

Small Purple Dots

93
Q

Normal Hematocrit Value for Men

A

40.7-50.3%

94
Q

Normal Hematocrit Value for Women

A

36.1-44.3%

95
Q

Route of Excitation in the Heart

A

SA Node (Sinoatrial Node) (Pacemaker)

AV Node (Atrioventricular Node)

Bundle of HIS

Left and Right Bundle Branches

Purkinje Fibers

96
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

97
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

98
Q

The P wave determines

A

Is the SA Node Working properly?

99
Q

On an EKG, the depolarization of the atria is shown in what wave?

A

P Wave

100
Q

On an EKG, the depolarization of the Ventricles is shown on which wave pattern?

A

QRS Complex

101
Q

On an EKG, the repolarization of the Ventricles is shown on which wave pattern?

A

The T Wave

102
Q

An Atrial flutter is an indication of

A

an issue in the SA Node

103
Q

Atrial Fibrillation is an indication of

A

Getting depolarization, but there is an issue with the tissue

104
Q

A Second-Degree AV Block is an indication of

A

A Block between the SA Node and the AV Node

105
Q

A Third-Degree AV Block is an indication of

A

A Complete AV Block

Excitation across the AV Node bridge requires stronger depolarization and more time

106
Q

Pulmonary Trunk

A

Divides into two pulmonary Arteries

107
Q

Dystrophin

A

Repairs Muscle cells and proteins

108
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

A Group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass

109
Q

About 1/2 of people w/ MD have what type?

A

Duchenne’s

110
Q

Duchenne’s MD typically affects what group?

A

Boys

111
Q

How do women develop Duchenne’s MD?

A

Both parents have to be carriers

112
Q

About 1/3 of boys w Duchenne MD don’t have a family history because

A

It has a history of spontaneous mutation

113
Q

What is the role of the Polymerase Chain reaction in the MD lab?

A

Amplifies the genes for identiication

114
Q

How were we able to tell which set of genes had MD?

A

The genes were shorter in the gels or ran off faster

115
Q

Duchenne’s MD is a result of what type of mutation?

A

x-Linked Mutation (Most common in males)

116
Q

What are 3 symptoms of Duchenne’s MD

A

Waddling Gait

Trouble Running and Jumping

Large Calf Muscles

117
Q

What components must be present in the PCR reaction in order for amplification to occur?

A

DNA

Primer

dNTPs

DNA Polymerase

118
Q

Denaturation

A

Occurs at 94 degrees C and Separates strands : 2 parent strands separate

119
Q

Hybridization

A

Occurs at 54 degrees C: Allows primers to anneal to the DNA Strands

120
Q

DNA Synthesis

A

Elongation: Occurs at 72 degrees C: Primers move along the DNA Synthesizing in the 5’ to 3’ Direction

121
Q
A

Ventricular Fibrilation

122
Q
A

Ventricular Tachycardia

123
Q
A

Third Degree AV Block

124
Q
A

Second Degree AV Block

125
Q
A

Normal EKG

126
Q
A

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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