Lab Exam 2- Hematology & Cardiology Flashcards
1
Q
Viscosity
A
resistance to flow
2
Q
Whole blood is __ times as viscous as water
A
5
3
Q
Osmolarity
A
Total Molarity of dissolved particles Sodium Ions, Proteins, RBCs
4
Q
High Osmolarity
A
Causes Fluid absorption in the blood; Raises BP
5
Q
Low Osmolarity
A
Causes Fluid to remain in tissues; May Result in Edema
6
Q
Hemoglobin
A
Has Heme groups which bind Oxygen to Fe2+ Ions
7
Q
RBC count and Hemoglobin concentration indicate
A
The amout of O2 the blood can carry
8
Q
Hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume)
A
% of Blood composed of cells
9
Q
Hematocrit values are lower in (women/men)
A
women
10
Q
Why are values lower in women
A
Androgens stimulate RBC production Periodic menstrual losses
11
Q
Erythrocyte
A
Red Blood Cell
12
Q
Leukocyte
A
White Blood Cell
13
Q
What is the function of a Heme Group?
A
Binds Oxygen to Fe2+
14
Q
What is the body’s process when inadequate O2 transport occurs
A
Sensed by liver and Kidneys Secretion of Erythropoietin Stimulation of Red Bone Marrow Accelerated Erythropoiesis Increased RBC Count Increased O2 Transport
15
Q
Erythropoiesis
A
Production of Red Blood Cells
16
Q
Erythropoeitin
A
glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia
17
Q
Life Cycle of an Erythrocyte
A
Pluripotent Stem Cell Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) Erythroblast (Precursor Cell) Reticulocyte (Precursor Cell) Mature Cell (Erythrocyte)
18
Q
Erythrocytes cycle in the blood for how many days?
A
120
19
Q
Expired RBCs are broken up in the
A
Liver and Spleen
20
Q
Antigens
A
Unique Molecules on the Cell Surface
21
Q
Antibodies
A
Secreted by Plasma Cells
22
Q
Agglutination
A
Causes Clumping
23
Q
How is someone’s ABO Blood type determined?
A
the presence or absence of antigens (agglutinogens) on RBCs
24
Q
Type A Blood has what type of Antigens?
A
Type A
25
Type B Blood has what type of Antigens?
Type B
26
Type AB Blood has what type of Antigens?
A & B
27
Type O Blood has what type of Antigens?
None
28
What is the most common type of Blood?
O
29
What is the rarest type of blood?
AB
30
Hemolytic Disease of a Newborn
Rh Antibodies attack fetal blood Causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome
31
Hemolytic Disease of a Newborn
Rh Antibodies attack fetal blood Causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome
32
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes Agranylocytes
33
Granulocytes
Neutrophils Esinophils Basophils
34
What is the most common type of Granulocyte
Neutrophil
35
What is the rarest type of Granulocyte?
Basophils
36
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes Monocytes
37
Neutrophils are usually present when
There is an increase in Bacterial infection
38
Esinophils are usually present when
There is an increase in parasitic infections or allergies
39
Basophils are usually present when
There is an increase in Chicken Pox, Sinusitis, and Diabetes
40
Lymphocytes are usually present when
There is an increase in diverse infections and immune responses
41
Monocytes are usually present when
There is an increase in viral infections and inflammation \*These differentiate into Macrophages
42
Which type of Leukocytes differentiate into Macrophages?
Monocytes
43
Platelets are also known as
Thrombocytes
44
What are the functions of Platelets?
Secrete Clotting factors and growth factors for vessel repair Initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme Phagocytize Bacteria Chemically attract neutrophils and monocytes at sites of inflammation
45
Megakaryoblast
a precursor cell to a promegakaryocyte, which in turn becomes a megakaryocyte during haematopoiesis. It is the beginning of the thrombocytic series.
46
Hematopoiesis
the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.
47
Hematopoiesis
the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.
48
RBC
49
Erythrocyte
50
Hemoglobin Structure
51
Hypoxemia Cycle
52
Erythrocyte Production
53
Erythrocyte Recycling
54
Type B
55
Type O
56
Type AB Blood
57
Type B Blood
58
Type A Blood
59
Neutophil
60
Eosinophil
61
Basophil
62
Lymphocyte
63
Monocyte
64
Megakaryoblast to Thrombocyte
65
Hematology Includes
Plasma Proteins, Count, type, Enzymes present, RBC Count, and WBC Count
66
True or False: RBCs barely fit through capillaries
True
67
70% of WBCs are supposed to Be
Neutrophils
68
Components of Blood
Plasma (Matrix)
Water
Plasma Proteins
Molecules/Ions
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
69
70
Properties of Blood
Viscosity
Osmolarity
71
The Liver makes 80% of
Plasma Proteins
72
Under the Microscope, Basophils look
Dark Purple
73
Under the Microscope, Neutrophils look
Attracted to Neutral Colors
74
Under the Microscope, Eosinophils look
Attracted to Pink Colors
75
What are the plasma proteins present in blood?
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
76
Hemoglobin
A Quaternary protein made of 2 Alpha and 2 Betas
77
What type of blood cell has no nucleus?
Why?
RBCs have no nucleus
Its only function is to carry O2
78
Erythrocytes are full of
Hemoglobin
79
Where does the recycled Hemoglobin go?
Heme groups w Iron are sent back to the Bone Marrow or the liver
Bilirubin (Pigment) goes to the small intestine and Feces (Brown color)
Globin is broken into AAs to the blood for other cells or liver keeps it to make more plasma proteins
80
Normal Value of Hematocrit for Men
47% Cells
81
Normal Value of Hematocrit for Men
42% Cells
82
Hemoglobin Concentration of Whole Blood in Men
13-18 g/dL
83
Hemoglobin Concentration of Whole Blood in Women
12 g/dL
84
Normal RBC Count in Men
4.6-6.2 Million/microliter
85
Normal RBC Count in Women
4.2-5.4 Million/Microliter
86
How do Antigens Operate?
It determines if a molecule is foreign to the body or not
87
True or False: RBCs do not produce Antibodies
True
88
What type of Antibodies does type A Blood make
B Antibodies
89
What type of Antibodies does Type B blood make?
A Antibodies
90
What type of Antibodies does Type AB Blood make?
Neither type A or B
91
What type of Antibodies does type O Blood make?
Both A and B Antibodies
92
Under the microscope, Thrombocytes look like
Small Purple Dots
93
Normal Hematocrit Value for Men
40.7-50.3%
94
Normal Hematocrit Value for Women
36.1-44.3%
95
Route of Excitation in the Heart
SA Node (Sinoatrial Node) (Pacemaker)
AV Node (Atrioventricular Node)
Bundle of HIS
Left and Right Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
96
Systole
Contraction
97
Diastole
Relaxation
98
The P wave determines
Is the SA Node Working properly?
99
On an EKG, the depolarization of the atria is shown in what wave?
P Wave
100
On an EKG, the depolarization of the Ventricles is shown on which wave pattern?
QRS Complex
101
On an EKG, the repolarization of the Ventricles is shown on which wave pattern?
The T Wave
102
An Atrial flutter is an indication of
an issue in the SA Node
103
Atrial Fibrillation is an indication of
Getting depolarization, but there is an issue with the tissue
104
A Second-Degree AV Block is an indication of
A Block between the SA Node and the AV Node
105
A Third-Degree AV Block is an indication of
A Complete AV Block
Excitation across the AV Node bridge requires stronger depolarization and more time
106
Pulmonary Trunk
Divides into two pulmonary Arteries
107
Dystrophin
Repairs Muscle cells and proteins
108
Muscular Dystrophy
A Group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass
109
About 1/2 of people w/ MD have what type?
Duchenne's
110
Duchenne's MD typically affects what group?
Boys
111
How do women develop Duchenne's MD?
Both parents have to be carriers
112
About 1/3 of boys w Duchenne MD don't have a family history because
It has a history of spontaneous mutation
113
What is the role of the Polymerase Chain reaction in the MD lab?
Amplifies the genes for identiication
114
How were we able to tell which set of genes had MD?
The genes were shorter in the gels or ran off faster
115
Duchenne's MD is a result of what type of mutation?
x-Linked Mutation (Most common in males)
116
What are 3 symptoms of Duchenne's MD
Waddling Gait
Trouble Running and Jumping
Large Calf Muscles
117
What components must be present in the PCR reaction in order for amplification to occur?
DNA
Primer
dNTPs
DNA Polymerase
118
Denaturation
Occurs at 94 degrees C and Separates strands : 2 parent strands separate
119
Hybridization
Occurs at 54 degrees C: Allows primers to anneal to the DNA Strands
120
DNA Synthesis
Elongation: Occurs at 72 degrees C: Primers move along the DNA Synthesizing in the 5' to 3' Direction
121
Ventricular Fibrilation
122
Ventricular Tachycardia
123
Third Degree AV Block
124
Second Degree AV Block
125
Normal EKG
126
