Lab Exam 2- Hematology & Cardiology Flashcards
Viscosity
resistance to flow
Whole blood is __ times as viscous as water
5
Osmolarity
Total Molarity of dissolved particles Sodium Ions, Proteins, RBCs
High Osmolarity
Causes Fluid absorption in the blood; Raises BP
Low Osmolarity
Causes Fluid to remain in tissues; May Result in Edema
Hemoglobin
Has Heme groups which bind Oxygen to Fe2+ Ions
RBC count and Hemoglobin concentration indicate
The amout of O2 the blood can carry
Hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume)
% of Blood composed of cells
Hematocrit values are lower in (women/men)
women
Why are values lower in women
Androgens stimulate RBC production Periodic menstrual losses
Erythrocyte
Red Blood Cell
Leukocyte
White Blood Cell
What is the function of a Heme Group?
Binds Oxygen to Fe2+
What is the body’s process when inadequate O2 transport occurs
Sensed by liver and Kidneys Secretion of Erythropoietin Stimulation of Red Bone Marrow Accelerated Erythropoiesis Increased RBC Count Increased O2 Transport
Erythropoiesis
Production of Red Blood Cells
Erythropoeitin
glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia
Life Cycle of an Erythrocyte
Pluripotent Stem Cell Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) Erythroblast (Precursor Cell) Reticulocyte (Precursor Cell) Mature Cell (Erythrocyte)
Erythrocytes cycle in the blood for how many days?
120
Expired RBCs are broken up in the
Liver and Spleen
Antigens
Unique Molecules on the Cell Surface
Antibodies
Secreted by Plasma Cells
Agglutination
Causes Clumping
How is someone’s ABO Blood type determined?
the presence or absence of antigens (agglutinogens) on RBCs
Type A Blood has what type of Antigens?
Type A
Type B Blood has what type of Antigens?
Type B
Type AB Blood has what type of Antigens?
A & B
Type O Blood has what type of Antigens?
None
What is the most common type of Blood?
O
What is the rarest type of blood?
AB
Hemolytic Disease of a Newborn
Rh Antibodies attack fetal blood Causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome
Hemolytic Disease of a Newborn
Rh Antibodies attack fetal blood Causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes Agranylocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils Esinophils Basophils
What is the most common type of Granulocyte
Neutrophil
What is the rarest type of Granulocyte?
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes Monocytes
Neutrophils are usually present when
There is an increase in Bacterial infection
Esinophils are usually present when
There is an increase in parasitic infections or allergies
Basophils are usually present when
There is an increase in Chicken Pox, Sinusitis, and Diabetes
Lymphocytes are usually present when
There is an increase in diverse infections and immune responses
Monocytes are usually present when
There is an increase in viral infections and inflammation *These differentiate into Macrophages
Which type of Leukocytes differentiate into Macrophages?
Monocytes
Platelets are also known as
Thrombocytes
What are the functions of Platelets?
Secrete Clotting factors and growth factors for vessel repair Initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme Phagocytize Bacteria Chemically attract neutrophils and monocytes at sites of inflammation
Megakaryoblast
a precursor cell to a promegakaryocyte, which in turn becomes a megakaryocyte during haematopoiesis. It is the beginning of the thrombocytic series.
Hematopoiesis
the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.
Hematopoiesis
the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.
RBC
Erythrocyte
Hemoglobin Structure
Hypoxemia Cycle
Erythrocyte Production
Erythrocyte Recycling
Type B
Type O
Type AB Blood
Type B Blood
Type A Blood
Neutophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Megakaryoblast to Thrombocyte
Hematology Includes
Plasma Proteins, Count, type, Enzymes present, RBC Count, and WBC Count
True or False: RBCs barely fit through capillaries
True
70% of WBCs are supposed to Be
Neutrophils
Components of Blood
Plasma (Matrix)
Water
Plasma Proteins
Molecules/Ions
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Properties of Blood
Viscosity
Osmolarity
The Liver makes 80% of
Plasma Proteins
Under the Microscope, Basophils look
Dark Purple
Under the Microscope, Neutrophils look
Attracted to Neutral Colors
Under the Microscope, Eosinophils look
Attracted to Pink Colors
What are the plasma proteins present in blood?
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Hemoglobin
A Quaternary protein made of 2 Alpha and 2 Betas
What type of blood cell has no nucleus?
Why?
RBCs have no nucleus
Its only function is to carry O2
Erythrocytes are full of
Hemoglobin
Where does the recycled Hemoglobin go?
Heme groups w Iron are sent back to the Bone Marrow or the liver
Bilirubin (Pigment) goes to the small intestine and Feces (Brown color)
Globin is broken into AAs to the blood for other cells or liver keeps it to make more plasma proteins
Normal Value of Hematocrit for Men
47% Cells
Normal Value of Hematocrit for Men
42% Cells
Hemoglobin Concentration of Whole Blood in Men
13-18 g/dL
Hemoglobin Concentration of Whole Blood in Women
12 g/dL
Normal RBC Count in Men
4.6-6.2 Million/microliter
Normal RBC Count in Women
4.2-5.4 Million/Microliter
How do Antigens Operate?
It determines if a molecule is foreign to the body or not
True or False: RBCs do not produce Antibodies
True
What type of Antibodies does type A Blood make
B Antibodies
What type of Antibodies does Type B blood make?
A Antibodies
What type of Antibodies does Type AB Blood make?
Neither type A or B
What type of Antibodies does type O Blood make?
Both A and B Antibodies
Under the microscope, Thrombocytes look like
Small Purple Dots
Normal Hematocrit Value for Men
40.7-50.3%
Normal Hematocrit Value for Women
36.1-44.3%
Route of Excitation in the Heart
SA Node (Sinoatrial Node) (Pacemaker)
AV Node (Atrioventricular Node)
Bundle of HIS
Left and Right Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
Systole
Contraction
Diastole
Relaxation
The P wave determines
Is the SA Node Working properly?
On an EKG, the depolarization of the atria is shown in what wave?
P Wave
On an EKG, the depolarization of the Ventricles is shown on which wave pattern?
QRS Complex
On an EKG, the repolarization of the Ventricles is shown on which wave pattern?
The T Wave
An Atrial flutter is an indication of
an issue in the SA Node
Atrial Fibrillation is an indication of
Getting depolarization, but there is an issue with the tissue
A Second-Degree AV Block is an indication of
A Block between the SA Node and the AV Node
A Third-Degree AV Block is an indication of
A Complete AV Block
Excitation across the AV Node bridge requires stronger depolarization and more time
Pulmonary Trunk
Divides into two pulmonary Arteries
Dystrophin
Repairs Muscle cells and proteins
Muscular Dystrophy
A Group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass
About 1/2 of people w/ MD have what type?
Duchenne’s
Duchenne’s MD typically affects what group?
Boys
How do women develop Duchenne’s MD?
Both parents have to be carriers
About 1/3 of boys w Duchenne MD don’t have a family history because
It has a history of spontaneous mutation
What is the role of the Polymerase Chain reaction in the MD lab?
Amplifies the genes for identiication
How were we able to tell which set of genes had MD?
The genes were shorter in the gels or ran off faster
Duchenne’s MD is a result of what type of mutation?
x-Linked Mutation (Most common in males)
What are 3 symptoms of Duchenne’s MD
Waddling Gait
Trouble Running and Jumping
Large Calf Muscles
What components must be present in the PCR reaction in order for amplification to occur?
DNA
Primer
dNTPs
DNA Polymerase
Denaturation
Occurs at 94 degrees C and Separates strands : 2 parent strands separate
Hybridization
Occurs at 54 degrees C: Allows primers to anneal to the DNA Strands
DNA Synthesis
Elongation: Occurs at 72 degrees C: Primers move along the DNA Synthesizing in the 5’ to 3’ Direction
Ventricular Fibrilation
Ventricular Tachycardia
Third Degree AV Block
Second Degree AV Block
Normal EKG
