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Human Physiology 2234 > Unit 4 Cardiovascular/Heart Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 4 Cardiovascular/Heart Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major divisions of the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary Circuit

Systemic Circuit

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2
Q

What are the three layers of an artery?

A

Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa

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3
Q

What are the two types of arteries?

A

Conducting (Elastic) arteries *Largest

Distributing (Muscular) Arteries

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4
Q

What controls Which capillary beds are well perfused?

A

Precapillary sphincters

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5
Q

How many capillaries are open at one time?

A

Only 1/4

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6
Q

What are the types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoids

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7
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

Occur in most tissues

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8
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Occur in Kidneys and Small Intestine

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9
Q

Sinusoid Capillaries

A

Found in Bone Marrow, Liver, and Spleen

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10
Q

What are the mechanisms of Venous Return?

A 
Pressure Gradient
Gravity (Head and Neck)
Skeletal Muscle Pump (Limbs)
Thoracic Pump
Cardiac Suction of expanding atrial space
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11
Q

What are the Arterial Sense Organs?

A

Major Arteries above the heart
Carotid Sinuses
Carotid Bodies
Aortic Bodies

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12
Q

What are the structures in a Fenestrated Capillary?

A

Endothelial Cells
Filtration pores (Fenestrations)
Basal Lamina
Intercellular Cleft

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13
Q

What are the structures in a Sinusoid Capillary?

A 
Endothelial Cells
Erythrocytes 
Liver cells
Microvilli
Sinusoids
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14
Q

What are the types of veins

A

Veins
Venules
Venous Sinuses

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15
Q

How does the Skeletal Muscle Pump Operate?

A

When the muscle contracts, the valve to the heart opens and can be pumped upwards to the heart. When the muscle is relaxed, the valve is closed.

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16
Q

Most Common Circulatory Route

A

Heart-Arteries-Arterioles-Capillaries-Venules-Veins

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17
Q

Portal System

A

Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary
Found in Kidneys
Between Intestines-Liver

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18
Q

How is the heart innervated?

A

Through both sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerves

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19
Q

Automaticity

A

The Ability of the heart to self-excite and initiate its own depolarization

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20
Q

True or false: The heart contracts in sections.

A

False: The heart contracts as a unit.

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21
Q

Intrinsic Conduction

A

The basic contractions, Rhythm, is controlled by the cardiac muscles

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22
Q

In-House Conduction

A

The Autorhythmic cells do not maintain a stable resting potential.

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23
Q

At what threshold do fast calcium ion channels open (in-house conduction)

A

-40mV

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24
Q

What is the sequence of Excitation in the heart?

A 
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
Right and Left Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
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25
Q

What is the function of the SA Node in the heart?

A

Pacemaker

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26
Q

What is the function of the SA Node in the heart?

A

Pacemaker

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27
Q

What is the structure of Cardiac Muscle?

A

Short, branched cells, w/ one central nucleus

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28
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Join Myocytes end to end

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29
Q

What allows ions to flow?

A

Electrical Junctions (GAP Junctions)

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30
Q

What type of respiration do Cardiac Muscles use?

A

Aerobic Respiration

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31
Q

True or false: Cardiac muscle cells have small mitochondria

A

False: They have large mitochondria

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32
Q

What are the organic fuels for Cardiac Muscles?

A

Fatty Acids
Glucose
Ketones

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33
Q

True or False: Cardiac cells fatigue easily

A

False: They are fatigue resistant

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34
Q

Systole

A

Ventricular Contraction

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35
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricular Relaxation

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36
Q

What is the action potential flow of a Myocyte?

A 
Na+ Gates Open
Rapid Depolarization
Na+ Gates Close
Slow Ca2+ Channels Open
Ca2+ channels close, K+ Channels Open
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37
Q

What are the steps of Electrical activity in the Myocardium?

A

1- Atrial Depolarization Begins
2-Atrial Depolarization Complete (Atria Contracted)
Ventricles begin to depol. @ Apex; Atria repol. (relax)
Ventricular Depol. complete (contracted)
Ventricles begin to repolarize @ apex
Ventric. Repol. complete (Ventricles Relaxed)

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38
Q

1 Cardiac Cycle (Definition)

A

One Complete Contraction and relaxation of all 4 chambers of the heart

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39
Q

1 Cardiac Cycle (Steps)

A

Atrial Systole; Ventrical Diastole
Atrial Diastole; Ventrical Systole
Quiescent Period

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40
Q

Extrinsic Innervation of the heart is controlled by

A 
The Autonomic Nervous System
Cardiac Centers in the Medulla Oblongata
Cardioacceleratory Center (Sympathetic)
Cardioinhibitory Center (Parasympathetic)
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41
Q

The Cardioacceleratory center is in what division of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic

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42
Q

The Cardioinhibitory Center is in what division of the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic

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43
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

All Events associated w the blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat
Atrial Systole and Diastole
Ventrical Systole and Diastole

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44
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

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45
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

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46
Q

Blood Flow

A

The Amount of blood flowing through a tissue in a given time (ml/min)

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47
Q

Perfusion

A

The rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue (ml/Min/g)

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48
Q

Blood Pressure

A

The force that blood exerts against a vessel Wall

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49
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

BP During Ventricular Systole

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50
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

BP During Ventricular Diastole

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51
Q

Normal Value for BP (Young Adult)

A

120-75 mm Hg

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52
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

Systolic-Diastolic

Important measure of stress exerted on small arteries

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53
Q

Mean Arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Measurements taken at intervals of cardiac cycle.
Best estimate; Diastolic Pressure +( 1/3 of Pulse Pressure)
Varies w Gravity; Standing 62-head, 180-Ankle

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54
Q

True or False: Veins have high blood pressure

A

False: Veins have no BP because they are so far away from the heart.

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55
Q

Hypertension

A

High BP

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56
Q

Hypotension

A

Low BP

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57
Q

Peripheral Resistance (Methods)

A 
Blood Viscosity (RBcs and Albumin)
Vessel Length
Vessel Radius (Most powerful influence over flow)
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58
Q

Ways to regulate BP and Flow

A

Local Control
Neural Control
Hormonal Control

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59
Q

Metabolic theory of autoregulation

A

Tissue Inadequately perfused, wastes accumulate= Vasodilation

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60
Q

Vasoactive Chemicals

A

Substances that stimulate vasomotion; Histamine; Bradykinin

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61
Q

Bradykinin

A

Stimulates Vasomotion

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62
Q

Histamine

A

Stimulates Vasomotion

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63
Q

Reactive Hyperemia

A

Blood Supply Cut off then restored

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64
Q

Methods of Local Control of BP and Flow

A

Metabolic theory of Autoregulation
Vasoactive Chemicals
Reactive Hyperemia

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65
Q

Methods of Neural Control of BP and Flow

A

Vasomotor Center of Medulla Oblongata

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66
Q

The Vasomotor Center of the Medulla Oblongata integrates what 3 Autonomic Reflexes?

A

Baroreflexes (Dilation and Contraction)
Chemoreflexes
Medullary Ischemic Reflex

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67
Q

Baroreflex

A

Changes in BP detected by stretch receptors (Baroreceptors), in large arteries above the heart

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68
Q

Autonomic Negative Feedback Response in Baroreflex Neural Control (Describe it)

A

An increase in BP causes rate of signals to rise, inhibits vasomotor Center, decreased sympathetic tone, vasodilation causes BP to decrease

Increase in BP causes rate of signals to drop, excites vasomotor center, Increases sympathetic tone, vasoconstriction and BP Increases

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69
Q

Neural Control: Chemoreflex

A

Chemoreceptors in aortic bodies and carotid bodies

Autonomic Response to changes in blood (like pH)

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70
Q

Other Brain Center Neural Control of BP and Flow

A

Stress, Anger, Arousal can increase BP

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71
Q

Other Brain Center Neural Control of BP and Flow

A

Stress, Anger, Arousal can increase BP

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72
Q

Hormonal Control of BP and Flow

A 
Angiotensinogen
↓
Renin
↓
Angiotensin I
↓
ACE
↓
Angiotensin II
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73
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

Prohormone produced by the Liver

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74
Q

Renin

A

Kidney Enzyme released by Low BP

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75
Q

ACE

A

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in lungs

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76
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Block the ACE Enzyme, lowering BP

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77
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Very Potent Vasoconstrictor

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78
Q

Aldosterone

A

Mineralocorticoid hormone; Regulates BP, Plasma, Potassium, and Sodium; Adrenal Cortex

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79
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

A

Increases Urinary Sodium Excretion

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80
Q

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

A

Water Retention

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81
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Hormonal Control of BP and Flow)

A

Most blood Vessels
- Binds to Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors for Vasoconstriction
Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle blood Vessels
- Binds to Beta Adrenergic Receptors for Vasodilation

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82
Q

Cardiac Output

A

blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute.

83
Q

Formula for Cardiac Output

A

Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)

84
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Blood Pumped out by one ventricle each beat

85
Q

Stroke Volume Formula

A

EDV-ESB

86
Q

EDV can be increased by

A

Longer Ventricular Diastole and/or increase in venous pressue

87
Q

ESV can be increased by

A

Increased arterial pressure or decreased ventricular contraction

88
Q

What are the three factors affecting Stroke Volume

A

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

89
Q

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

A

The most important factor controlling stroke volume is the PRELOAD

90
Q

______ is the most important factor controlling stroke volume, according to the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

A

Preload

91
Q

SV Preload

A

The Degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract

92
Q

_____ Increases the # of active cross bridges and the force of contraction

A

Preload

93
Q

In preload, the amount the muscle is stretched is controlled by

A

Venous Return, increase in volume or speed increases stretch

94
Q

In preload, the amount the muscle is stretched is controlled by

A

Venous Return, increase in volume or speed increases stretch

95
Q

SV Contractility

A

An Increase in contractile strength that is independent of muscle stretch and EDV

96
Q

Contractility increases ____ influx from Extracellular Fluids and the Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Ca2+

97
Q

Contractility gives sympathetic stimulation of

A

Norepinephrine or Epinephrine

98
Q

Contractility gives sympathetic stimulation of

A

Norepinephrine or Epinephrine

99
Q

Afterload (SV)

A

The pressure Exerted by arterial blood

100
Q

Ventricles must overcome ______ pressure in order to have maximum stroke volume

A

Afterload

101
Q

Sympathetic regulation of Heart Rate

A

Norepinephrine binds to Beta Adrenergic receptors in the heart, accelerating rate to threshold

102
Q

Sympathetic regulation of the Heart Rate enhances ___ Entry, increasing contractility, and the Stroke Volume does not decline (Yet there is a lower EDV

A

Ca2+

103
Q

Parasympathetic Regulation of the Heart Rate

A

Hyperpolarizes membranes by opening K+ Channels

Has very little affect on contractility

104
Q

Vagal Tone

A

Both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic maintain constant beat

105
Q

Heart Cell Regeneration (Mitosis)

A

By using DNA samples from many hearts, the researchers estimated that a 20-year-old renews about 1% of heart muscle cells per year and about 45 percent of the heart muscle cells of a 50-year-old were generated after he or she was born.

106
Q

What is the role of the Hypothalamus in the Cardiovascular system?

A

Receives signal information from the Aortic bodies

107
Q

What is the role of the Medulla Oblongata in the Cardiovascular System?

A

Helps Determine if BP and O2 are within range. (O2 of interstitial fluid of the brain)
*O2 Sensitivity

108
Q

What controls which capillary beds are perfused?

A

Precapillary Sphincters

109
Q

If a capillary sphincter is shut off, how does the tissue stay alive?

A

Diffusion keeps the tissue alive

110
Q

Closed Precapillary sphincters will result in low _____

A

Perfusion

111
Q

Sinusoid capillaries are found in the

A

Red bone Marrow (Produces RBCs)

Liver and Spleen (Break down RBCs and recycle them)

112
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries are found

A

In the Urinary system (For Filtration)

Glomeruli in the Kidneys

113
Q

Continuous Capillaries are found

A 
Endothelial tissue (Continuous)
Diffusion can occur
114
Q

Tunica Externa

A

Outside layer of arteries

Fibrous connective tissue

115
Q

Tunica Media

A 
Middle layer of arteries
Smooth muscle (Varies on location) *Sympathetic Only
116
Q

Vasoconstriction ___ BP

A

Increases

117
Q

Vasodilation ____ BP

A

Decreases

118
Q

Tunica Interna

A

internal layer of arteries
Simple Squamous endothelium
In All vessels + Heart
Diffuson, Filtration, & Exchange occur in this layer)

119
Q

What are the larges arteries

A

Conducting (Elastic)

120
Q

What is the distributing process for Renal Arteries

A

Rena Artery
Large Arteriole
Very Small Arteriole
Capillary Bed (Only Tunica Interna) (Exchange occurs)

121
Q

Veins have _____ Blood Pressure

A

Very Low

122
Q

What keeps blood going towards the heart in veins?

A

Valves

123
Q

What area has more valves int he veins than the torso and head?

A

Appendages

Gravity would make it harder for blood to go up, so valves keep the blood from going back down

124
Q

In the thoracic pump, an increase in Volume will result in a ______ in_____

A

Decrease in Pressure

125
Q

Automaticity (Autorhythmicity)

A

The ability to self-excite and intiate their own depolarization

126
Q

True or false:

The heart contracts in sections

A

False: The heart contracts as a unit

127
Q

The autorhythmic cells do not maintain stable _______-

A

Resting Potential

128
Q

@-40 mV, What occurs in the SA Node

A

The threshold is reached, and fast calcium ion channels open

129
Q

SA Node depolarization is like a

A

Disco Ball

130
Q

The SA Node sends the action potential to the surrounding tissue and constantly

A

Depolarizes and repolarizes

131
Q

True or False: As the SA Node keeps depolarizing and repolarization, there is no refractory period

A

False: There is no refractory period

132
Q

What are the proteins involved in Cardiac Cells

A 
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Titin
**Cross-Bridging**
Actin
Myosin
133
Q

What is the structure of Cardiac Muscle

A

Short, branched cells; One central nucleus
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, Large T-Tubules
Admit More Ca2+ from the Extracellular fluid

134
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Channels connecting two or more cardiac cells (All interconnected) to one another)

135
Q

Metabolism of Cardiac Muscle

A 
Aerobic Respiration
Rich in Myoglobin and Glycogen
Large Mitochondria
Organic Fuels: Fatty Acid, Glucose, Ketones
Fatigue Resistant
136
Q

Heart attacks come from

A

Blockage in a coronary artery. The Blockage causes an oxygen deficit and the tissue begins to die

137
Q

What is the Action Potential of a Myocyte (Myocardia)

A

-55 mV

138
Q

How are Slow Ca2+ gates used in the Action Potential of Cardiac Cells

A

They are used to slow and prolong the Action Potential for all cells to promote contraction

139
Q

How is contraction promoted in Cardiac Cells?

A

Ca2+ is bonded, Cross Bridges are formed, and contraction is occurring

140
Q

What is a Quiescent period of Contraction in the Cardiac Cycle?

A

A pause in contraction before the next one.

141
Q

What is the best area for listening to a heartbeat on the body?

A

Left Posterior

142
Q

Extrinsic innervation in the Cardiovascular System

A 
Controlled by Autonomic NS
Cardiac Centers(Medulla)
Cardioacceleratory Center (Sympathetic)
Cardioinhibitory center Parasympathetic)
Vasomotor Center (Sympathetic Only, Blood Vessels)
143
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Blood Pumped OUt by each ventricle in one minute

144
Q

EDV

A

Ending Diastolic Volume: How much blood is in the left ventricle in complete relaxation

145
Q

ESV

A

Ending Systolic Volume: How much blood is left after contraction

146
Q

EDV can be increased by

A

Larger Ventricular Diastole and/or increase in venous pressure (Relax Longer, More Blood)

147
Q

An increase in EDV will result in

A

An increase of the time in diastole

Increase in Venous Pressure

148
Q

ESV can be increased By

A

Increased Arterial pressure or decreased ventricular Contraction

149
Q

In regards to ESV and EDV, the goal is to

A

Decrease ESV, so the goal is to overcome ESV.

When there is a high aortic pressure, the ventricle has to work harder

150
Q

What are the three factors affecting Stroke Volume

A

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

151
Q

EDV is also know as _____. and Means?

A

Preload

Means Put as much blood into the Ventricle as possible

152
Q

Preload

A

The Degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract

153
Q

Result of PReload

A

Increase Number of Active Cross-Bridges,

Increase the Force of Contraction

154
Q

In Preload, the amount the muscle is stretched is controlled by

A

Venous Return, increase in volume or speed, increase in stretch

155
Q

Preload requires

A

Optimal length in sarcomere
Increase time for SR to release Ca2+ into the cell
Open Ca2+ Gates for influx of extracellular Ca2+ to bond Troponin
Increases # of Cross-Bridges

156
Q

Contractility requres

A

Increase in contractile strength that is independent of muscle strength and EDV

157
Q

Increases Ca2+ Influx from ECF and SR w/ Sympathetic Stimulation od Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

A

Contractility

158
Q

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine bond to Beta 1 adrenergic receptors, resulting in Ca2+ Ion Influx

A

Contractility

159
Q

Afterload EDV Requires

A

Pressure Exerted by Arterial Blood
Ventricles Mus overcome the pressure in addition to have max Stroke Volume
Keep as low as possible for high Cardiac Output

160
Q

What was used in Vietnam degrades the tissue of the heart?

A

Agent Orange

161
Q

What was used in Vietnam degrades the tissue of the heart?

A

Agent Orange

162
Q

How is the heart Rate regulated?

A

Parasympaathetic
Hyperpolarizes membranes by opening K+ Channels
Little Affect On Contractility

163
Q

Vagal Tone

A

Bosh Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS maintain constant beat

164
Q

The Vagus Nerve innervates what sections of the heart?

A

SA Node and AV Node

165
Q

Blood Flow

A

Amount of blood flowing through a tissue in a given time (mL/Min)

166
Q

BP

A

Force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

167
Q

High PErfusion occurs (With without) Capillary Blocks

A

Without

168
Q

Low Perfusion occurs *With Without) Capillary Blocks

A

With

169
Q

An Increase in perfusion occurs in areas with ____ Metabolism

A

High

170
Q

A Decrease in Perfusion occurs in areas with ___ Perfusion

A

Low

171
Q

BP is measured

A

On the Systole of the Left Ventricle

Measured as itis coming out of the heart

172
Q

In the Urinary System, the filtration rate is compromised during Hypertension. Why?

A

The Filtration rate in the kidneys is too fast. It results in low nutrient Reabsorption

173
Q

In the urinary system, the filtration rate is compromised during Hypotension. Why?

A

Filtration rate is too slow, and the organism becomes toxic

174
Q

Between Hypertension and Hypotension, which is more dangerous to the body?

A

Hypotension is more dangerous to the body because it affects the brain and kidneys most negatively

175
Q

IN reference to peripheral resistance, vasodilation will give what result to the Blood pressure?

A

Lower Blood Pressure

176
Q

IN reference to peripheral resistance, vasoconstriction will give what result to the Blood pressure?

A

Higher BP

177
Q

Medullary Ischemic Reflex

A

Low O2 in the tissue

Detects when O2 Surrounding the tissue and uses a baroreflex to adjust naturally

178
Q

Baroreflex

A

Changes in BP are detected by stretch receptors (Baroreceptors) in large arteries above the heart

179
Q

Autonomic Negative Feedback Response (Part 1)

A

A Rise in BP causes the rate of signals to rise inhibits vasomotor center, decrease in sympathetic tone, causes BP decrease and Vasodilation to occur

180
Q

Autonomic Negative Feedback Response (Part II)

A

A Decrease in BP causes the rate of signals to drop, excites vasomotor Center, increases sympathetic tone, Vasoconstriction, and increases BP

181
Q

An Increase in BP results in:

A

INhibited Vasoconstriction; Relaxation of smooth muscle, and Lowers BP

182
Q

A Decrease in BP results in:

A

Excites Vasoconstriction, Increases BP

183
Q

Chemoreflex

A

Chemoreceptors in aortic bodies and carotid bodies increase cardiac output and respiratory rates

184
Q

Medullary ISchemic Reflex increases

A

Respiratory Rates

185
Q

Other ways BP and Flow Can be regulated

A

Stress, Anger, Arousal (Limbic System)

186
Q

if paracrine level is too high in the cardiovascular system, what occurs.

A

Local Control is no longer effective and Hormonal response will be required.

187
Q

Vasoactive Chemicals

A

Substances that stimulate vasomotion, histamine, and bradykinin

188
Q

Reactive Hyperemia

A

Blood Supply Cut off, then restored

189
Q

Aldosterone increases what in the Kidneys?

A

Sodium Channels in the Ascending Limb, Stimulating an increase in Na+ Reabsorption (Loop of Henle), in the interstitial Fluid

190
Q

Hormonal Control of BP and Flow

A

Kidney releases Renin (Enzyme)
Triggers Angiotensin I
Triggers Angiotensinogen in the Liver (Prohormone)
Goes through Pulmonary Circuit and releases ACE(Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)
ACE Converts to Angiotensin II (Vasoconstricting hormone)
Vasoconstriction occurs and BP increases
Stimulates adrenal Cortex to secrete Aldosterone
Aldosterone increases Soduim Channels in the Ascending Limb
Hypothalamus gives Thirsty Signal
Antidiuretic Hormone released by osterior Pituitaru
Stimualtes Aquaporin added to distaltubule
Atrial Natriuretic Factor INcreases Urinary sodium excretion)

191
Q

The Descending Limb on the Kidney is impenetrable to

A

Ions

192
Q

90% of the H2) in the kidney is secreted in the

A

Ascending Limb

193
Q

At the loop of Henle, what occurs

A

Na+, CL- are secreted and it’s impenetrable to Water

194
Q

The bladder only holds 1% of water

A

True

195
Q

What works in opposition of Aldosterone

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

196
Q

Neural Control of BP and Flow

A

Vasomotor Center of the Medulla Oblongata Integrates 3 Autonomic Reflexes

Baroreflexes
Chemoreflexes
Medullary Ischemic Reflex

197
Q

When Water and Carbon Dioxide Form to Make Carbonic Acid, What additional reaction occurs?

A

The Carbonic Acid is converted into H+ and HCO3

198
Q

Metabolic Theory of Autoregulation

A

Tissue inadequately perfused, wastes accumulate, resulting in vasodilation (Uses Paracrines for Local Communication)

199
Q

Vasoactive Chemicals

A

Substances that stimulate vasomotion, Histaine, and Bradykinin

200
Q

True or false: There are millions of Nephrons per Kidney

A

True

201
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus(Baroreceptors)

A

Macular Densa
Mesangial Cells
Granular Juxtaglomerular Cells

202
Q

How Many Arterioles are in the Kindey

A

5

203
Q

Increase in BP: Vasoconstriction in the nephron (Afferrent)in the Kidney

A

Slows Pressure

204
Q

Increase in BP: Vasodilation in the Nephron (Efferent)

A

Slows Pressure

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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