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Human Physiology 2234 > Lab Exam 3- Pulmonary, Urinary, and Digestive Systems > Flashcards

Lab Exam 3- Pulmonary, Urinary, and Digestive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Mucosa

A

Mucous Membrane: consists of an inner epithelium spread over a thin layer of connective tissue (Lamina Propria), and bordered by a ribbon of smooth muscle, the muscularis Mucosa

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2
Q

Lamina Propria

A

Thin layer of connective tissue in the Mucosa

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3
Q

Mucosa Epithelium in the Esophagus and Anal Canal

A

Stratified Squamous

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4
Q

Mucosa Epithelium in the Stomach, Small intestine, and Large Intestine

A

Simple Columnar

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5
Q

Submucosa

A

connective tissue that has an abundant extracellular space for blood vessels, nerves, and mucous-secreting glands. Parasympathetic fibers can be seen as the Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus in the submucosa

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6
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

Smooth Muscle arranged in an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer throughout most of the digestive tract. Parasympathetic fibers and ganglia can be seen as the Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus in this layer

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7
Q

Serosa

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium and connective tissue: outermst covering of the digestive tract

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8
Q

4 Layers/Tunics of the tubular Digestive tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

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9
Q

The muscles of the first 1/3 of the esophagus are striated why?

A

Pharynx and Mouth

to provide voluntary control of swallowing

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10
Q

The middle 1/3 of the esophagus of the esophagus contains what type of muscle?

A

A mixture of striated and smooth muscle

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11
Q

The final 1/3 of the esophagus contains what type of muscle?

A

Involuntary Smooth Muscle

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12
Q

Rugae

A

Folds in the stomach’s submucosa which can be viewed with the naked eye

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13
Q

true or False: When the mucosa is examined microscopically, it appears folded as well as the submucosa

A

True

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14
Q

Gasric Pits

A

Openings of folds of the mucosa and submucosa into the stomach lumen

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15
Q

Gastric Glands

A

The Cells that line the folds of the mucosa that are secretory

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16
Q

What are the Gastric Glands

A 
Mucous Neck Cells
Parietal Cells
Chief Cells
Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (ECLs)
G Cells
D Cells
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17
Q

Mucous Neck Cells

A

Secrete Mucous (Supplement the surface mucous cells whihch are in the epithelium of the stomach lumen and Gastric Pits

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18
Q

Parietal Cells

A

secrete Hydrochloric Acid

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19
Q

Chief Cells

A

Secrete Pepsinogen

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20
Q

Pepsinogen

A

inactive precursor of Pepsin a protein-digesting enzyme

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21
Q

Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (ECLs)

A

secrete Histamine

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22
Q

G Cells

A

Secrete Gastrin Hormone

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23
Q

D Cells

A

Secrete Somatostatin Hormone

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24
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

Polypeptide secreted by the Gastric Mucosa which aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the Intestine.

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25
Q

Vitamin B12 is needed for

A

Production of RBCs in the Bone Marrow.

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26
Q

Grhelin

A

A Hormone secreted by the stomach that rises before meals and serves as a signal from the stomach to the brain that helps regulate hunger

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27
Q

How long is the Small Intestine

A

Approximately 21 feet log

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28
Q

What are the 3 regions of the Small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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29
Q

Duodenum

A

1st region of the small intestine. Approx. 12 inches long

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30
Q

Jejunum

A

2nd region of the small intestine. Approx 8 feet long and constitutes 2/5 of the entire length of the intestine

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31
Q

ileum

A

about 12 feet long (constituting 3/5 of the intestine )

Terminal region of small intestine

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32
Q

Plicae Circulares

A

Large folds formed in the small intestine by the Mucosa and Submucosa.

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33
Q

The surface of the mucosa is further increased by

A

Microscopic folds that form fingerlike projections called villi

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34
Q

Brush Border Enzymes

A

Digestive Enzymes fixed to the cell membranes of the microvili and act together with enzymes from pancreatic juice to catalyze hydrolysis reactions of food molecules

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35
Q

Intestinal Crypts/ Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

Eithelium at the base of the vili that invaginates

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36
Q

Paneth Cells

A

located at the bottom of the intestinal crypts int he small intestine. They secrete antibacterial lysozyme and bactericidal peptides

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37
Q

Intestinal Stem Cells

A

located at the bottom of intestinal crypts

divide by mitosis to replenish themselves ad to produce the specialized cells of the intestinal mucosa

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38
Q

How often do the Intestinal Stem Cells divide?

A

Twice a day in the crypts. At the top of the crypts, mitosis stops and the cells differentiate into secretory cells and enterocytes

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39
Q

Enterocytes

A

Intestinal Epithelial Cells. The Enterocytes migrate up towards the tips of the vili to replace the epithelial cells continually shed into the lumen.

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40
Q

Waste Products from the small intestine pass into the

A

Colon

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41
Q

Colon

A

Part of the large intestine where water, sodium, and potassium are absorbed

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42
Q

The mucosa of the Large intestine contains

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn, but not vili. The surface has a flat appearance

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43
Q

Appendix

A

A short outpouching from the Cecum (Vestigial Structure)

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44
Q

Salivary Amylase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)

A 
Mouth
Saliva
Starch
6.7
Maltose
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45
Q

Pepsin (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)

A 
Stomach
Gastric Glands
Protein
1.6-2.4
Shorter Polypeptides
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46
Q

Pancreatic Amylase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)

A 
Duodenum
Pacreatic Juice
Starch
6.7-7.0
Maltose, Maltriose, and Oligosaccharides
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47
Q

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)

A 
Duodenum
Pancreatic Juice
Polypeptides
8.0
Amino Acids, Dipeptides, and Tripeptides
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48
Q

Pancreatic Lipase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)

A 
Duodenum
Pancreatic Juice
Triglycerides
8.0
Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides
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49
Q

Maltase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)

A 
Brush Border
Epithelial membrane
Maltose
5.0-7.0
Glucose
50
Q

Sucrase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)

A 
Brush border
Epithelial Membrane
Sucrose
5.0-7.0
Glucose+ Fructose
51
Q

Lactase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)

A 
Brush Border
Epithelial Membrane
Lactose
5.8-6.2
Glucose+ Galactagose
52
Q

Aminopeptidase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)

A 
Brush Border
Epithelial Membrane
Polypeptides
8.0
Amino Acids
Dipeptides
Tripeptides
53
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A

Islands of endocrine cells

They contain alpha cells and Beta Cells into the syrrounding blood capillaries

54
Q

Alpha cells secrete

A

Glucagon

55
Q

Beta Cells secrete

A

Insulin

56
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver caused by bacterial or viral infections, alcohol abuse, allergy, or drugs

57
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Large areas of liver tissue are destroyed and replaced with permanent connective tissue and regenerative nodules of hepatocytes that lack the platelike stryctyre of normal liver tissue

58
Q

The liver produces Albumin and converts ammonia to

A

Urea

59
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas.
Can result from the action of the digestive enzymes on pancreatic tissue
gallstones, alcoholism, traumatic injury, infections, or toxicosis from various drugs provoke activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas

60
Q

True or False: The pancreas is an endocrine gland only

A

False: it is both an endocrine and exocrine gland

61
Q

Yellow-orange to brownish-green urine

A

Bilirubin from obstructive Jaundice

62
Q

Red to red-brown Urine

A

Hemoglobinuria

63
Q

Smoky Red Urine

A

Unhemolyzed RBCs from urinary tract

64
Q

Dark Wine colored Urine

A

Hemolytic Jaundice

65
Q

Brown-Black urine

A

Melanin pigment from melanoma

66
Q

Dark Brown urine

A

Liver infections, pericious anemia, Malaria

67
Q

Green Urine

A

Bacterial infection: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

68
Q

Proteinuria

A

The leakage of proteins into the urine

69
Q

Glycosuria

A

The apearance of glucose in urine due to hyperglycemia in a fasting person

70
Q

Hallmark of Diabetes Mellitus

A

The apearance of glucose in urine due to hyperglycemia in a fasting person

71
Q

Casts

A

Cylindrical structures formed by the precipitation of protein molecules within the renal tubules

72
Q

Ventilation Functions

A

Oxygenation of the blood; accomplished by bringing new air into the alveoli during the inhalation phase

elimination of Carbon Dioxide from the blood; accomplished by the diffusion of CO2 from the blood into the alveoli and the extrusion of the CO2 by exhalation

73
Q

Acid

A

A Molecule that can donate free H+ Ions to a solution to lower its pH.

74
Q

Carbonic Acid is formed by

A

the combination of CO2 and water within the red blood cells

75
Q

Carbonic Acid formation is catalyzed by

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

76
Q

Carbonic acid dissociates into

A

H+ ion and Bicarbonate Ion HCO3-

77
Q

Bicarbonate Ion serves as what in the blood

A

A Buffer, helping to stabilize the pH of plasma despite the continuous influx of H+ from the molecules of Lactic Acid, Fatty Acids, Ketone Bodies, and other metabolic Products

78
Q

Hypoventlation

A

Low oxygenation; Carbonic Acid levels will rise aboce normal and the pH wll fall below 7.35

79
Q

Hypoventilation is also known as

A

Respiratory Acidosis

80
Q

Hyperventilation

A

causes an abnormal decrease in carbonic acid and a corresponding rise in blood pH.

81
Q

Hyperventilation is also known as

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

82
Q

Increased muscle metabolism during exercise results in

A

an increase in CO2 production

83
Q

Spirometry

A

A technique used for measuring lung volumes and capacities

84
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

Total volume of gas in the lungs after a maximum (froced) inhalation

85
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The maximum volume of gas that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

86
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The volume of gas inspired or expired during each normal unforced ventilation cycle

87
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

The maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled after a normal unforced exhalation

88
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The maximum volume of gas that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal (Tidal) inhalation

89
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

The Volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal (unforced) exhalation

90
Q

Residual Volume

A

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum (forced) exhalation

91
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

92
Q

In normal unforced ventilation, the thoracic volume is regulated by action of the

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

93
Q

During inhalation, the diaphragm is

A

Contracted

94
Q

During exhalation, the diaprhagm is

A

relaxed

95
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume

A

Otherwise Known as the timed vital Capacity. The subject performs a vital capacity maneuver by inhaling maximally, holding, then exhaling maximally as rapidly as possible

96
Q

Obstructive Disorders

A

disorders of the bronchioles and characteristic of Emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma. The obstruction can result from bronchiolar secretions, inflammation and edema, or contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle

97
Q

Restrictive Disorders

A

damage to the lung tissue results in an abnormal vital capacity test. If the disease is purely restrictive (pulmonary fibrosis) the airways may be clear, resulting in a normal FEV test. The VC is reduced, but it can be quickly exhaled.

98
Q

Emphysema

A

The loss of elastic lung tissue decreases the FEV due to the collapse of small airways during exhalation

99
Q

Air Trapping

A

Weakened bronchioles collapse during exhalation before all the air has been released from the lungs

100
Q

Emphysema is caused primarily by

A

smoking and aggravated air pollution and reduces the # of Alveoli in the lungs

101
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic Inflammation with narrowing of the airway and destruction of alveolar walls

102
Q

Other diseases in the COPD Category

A

Chronic Obstructive Bronchiolitis

Fibrosis and obstruction of the bronchioles, emphysema

103
Q

FEV1 test

A

detects the increased airway resistance, as occurs in emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma

104
Q

Phenylthalene is used as an indicator for

A

testing alkalinity in a solution. (Turns Pink)

105
Q

In order to identify a male urinary system, what must be present

A

The Prostate gland under the Bladder

106
Q

In order to identify a female urinary system, what structures must be present?

A

The Uterus on top of the bladder

107
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

Helps support swallowing

108
Q

In order to suffocate someone or choke them to death, what must occur?

A

Hyoid Bone must be broken

109
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe; Split into Primary, Secondary, and tertiary Bronchioles

110
Q

Glottis

A

Opening between the vocal cords and opens into the Larynx

111
Q

The esophagus is posterior to the

A

Larynx

112
Q

Epiglottis

A

Keeps food in the esophagus instead of going down the larynx

113
Q

An increase in Thoracic Volume results in

A

a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure

114
Q

What is the normal Arterial pH

A

7.4 +-.05

115
Q

Bicarbonate is a buffer in the blood, meaning

A

You can add H+ Ions without changing the pH

116
Q

In hyperventilation, the pH

A

Falls below 7.35

Respiratory Acidosis

117
Q

In Hypoventilation, the pH

A

Respiraory Alkalosis

118
Q

What are the 4 sphincters in the Digestive Tract?

A

Oral Sphincter
Cardiac Sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter
Ileocecal Sphincter

119
Q

3 areas of the Small Intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

120
Q

Digestion

A

Break large molecules into small ones w/ hydrolysis

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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