Lab Exam 3- Pulmonary, Urinary, and Digestive Systems Flashcards
Mucosa
Mucous Membrane: consists of an inner epithelium spread over a thin layer of connective tissue (Lamina Propria), and bordered by a ribbon of smooth muscle, the muscularis Mucosa
Lamina Propria
Thin layer of connective tissue in the Mucosa
Mucosa Epithelium in the Esophagus and Anal Canal
Stratified Squamous
Mucosa Epithelium in the Stomach, Small intestine, and Large Intestine
Simple Columnar
Submucosa
connective tissue that has an abundant extracellular space for blood vessels, nerves, and mucous-secreting glands. Parasympathetic fibers can be seen as the Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus in the submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Smooth Muscle arranged in an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer throughout most of the digestive tract. Parasympathetic fibers and ganglia can be seen as the Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus in this layer
Serosa
Simple Squamous Epithelium and connective tissue: outermst covering of the digestive tract
4 Layers/Tunics of the tubular Digestive tract
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa
The muscles of the first 1/3 of the esophagus are striated why?
Pharynx and Mouth
to provide voluntary control of swallowing
The middle 1/3 of the esophagus of the esophagus contains what type of muscle?
A mixture of striated and smooth muscle
The final 1/3 of the esophagus contains what type of muscle?
Involuntary Smooth Muscle
Rugae
Folds in the stomach’s submucosa which can be viewed with the naked eye
true or False: When the mucosa is examined microscopically, it appears folded as well as the submucosa
True
Gasric Pits
Openings of folds of the mucosa and submucosa into the stomach lumen
Gastric Glands
The Cells that line the folds of the mucosa that are secretory
What are the Gastric Glands
Mucous Neck Cells Parietal Cells Chief Cells Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (ECLs) G Cells D Cells
Mucous Neck Cells
Secrete Mucous (Supplement the surface mucous cells whihch are in the epithelium of the stomach lumen and Gastric Pits
Parietal Cells
secrete Hydrochloric Acid
Chief Cells
Secrete Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen
inactive precursor of Pepsin a protein-digesting enzyme
Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (ECLs)
secrete Histamine
G Cells
Secrete Gastrin Hormone
D Cells
Secrete Somatostatin Hormone
Intrinsic Factor
Polypeptide secreted by the Gastric Mucosa which aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the Intestine.
Vitamin B12 is needed for
Production of RBCs in the Bone Marrow.
Grhelin
A Hormone secreted by the stomach that rises before meals and serves as a signal from the stomach to the brain that helps regulate hunger
How long is the Small Intestine
Approximately 21 feet log
What are the 3 regions of the Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum
1st region of the small intestine. Approx. 12 inches long
Jejunum
2nd region of the small intestine. Approx 8 feet long and constitutes 2/5 of the entire length of the intestine
ileum
about 12 feet long (constituting 3/5 of the intestine )
Terminal region of small intestine
Plicae Circulares
Large folds formed in the small intestine by the Mucosa and Submucosa.
The surface of the mucosa is further increased by
Microscopic folds that form fingerlike projections called villi
Brush Border Enzymes
Digestive Enzymes fixed to the cell membranes of the microvili and act together with enzymes from pancreatic juice to catalyze hydrolysis reactions of food molecules
Intestinal Crypts/ Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Eithelium at the base of the vili that invaginates
Paneth Cells
located at the bottom of the intestinal crypts int he small intestine. They secrete antibacterial lysozyme and bactericidal peptides
Intestinal Stem Cells
located at the bottom of intestinal crypts
divide by mitosis to replenish themselves ad to produce the specialized cells of the intestinal mucosa
How often do the Intestinal Stem Cells divide?
Twice a day in the crypts. At the top of the crypts, mitosis stops and the cells differentiate into secretory cells and enterocytes
Enterocytes
Intestinal Epithelial Cells. The Enterocytes migrate up towards the tips of the vili to replace the epithelial cells continually shed into the lumen.
Waste Products from the small intestine pass into the
Colon
Colon
Part of the large intestine where water, sodium, and potassium are absorbed
The mucosa of the Large intestine contains
Crypts of Lieberkuhn, but not vili. The surface has a flat appearance
Appendix
A short outpouching from the Cecum (Vestigial Structure)
Salivary Amylase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
Mouth Saliva Starch 6.7 Maltose
Pepsin (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
Stomach Gastric Glands Protein 1.6-2.4 Shorter Polypeptides
Pancreatic Amylase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
Duodenum Pacreatic Juice Starch 6.7-7.0 Maltose, Maltriose, and Oligosaccharides
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
Duodenum Pancreatic Juice Polypeptides 8.0 Amino Acids, Dipeptides, and Tripeptides
Pancreatic Lipase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
Duodenum Pancreatic Juice Triglycerides 8.0 Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides
Maltase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
Brush Border Epithelial membrane Maltose 5.0-7.0 Glucose
Sucrase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
Brush border Epithelial Membrane Sucrose 5.0-7.0 Glucose+ Fructose
Lactase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
Brush Border Epithelial Membrane Lactose 5.8-6.2 Glucose+ Galactagose
Aminopeptidase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
Brush Border Epithelial Membrane Polypeptides 8.0 Amino Acids Dipeptides Tripeptides
Pancreatic Islets
Islands of endocrine cells
They contain alpha cells and Beta Cells into the syrrounding blood capillaries
Alpha cells secrete
Glucagon
Beta Cells secrete
Insulin
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver caused by bacterial or viral infections, alcohol abuse, allergy, or drugs
Cirrhosis
Large areas of liver tissue are destroyed and replaced with permanent connective tissue and regenerative nodules of hepatocytes that lack the platelike stryctyre of normal liver tissue
The liver produces Albumin and converts ammonia to
Urea
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas.
Can result from the action of the digestive enzymes on pancreatic tissue
gallstones, alcoholism, traumatic injury, infections, or toxicosis from various drugs provoke activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas
True or False: The pancreas is an endocrine gland only
False: it is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
Yellow-orange to brownish-green urine
Bilirubin from obstructive Jaundice
Red to red-brown Urine
Hemoglobinuria
Smoky Red Urine
Unhemolyzed RBCs from urinary tract
Dark Wine colored Urine
Hemolytic Jaundice
Brown-Black urine
Melanin pigment from melanoma
Dark Brown urine
Liver infections, pericious anemia, Malaria
Green Urine
Bacterial infection: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteinuria
The leakage of proteins into the urine
Glycosuria
The apearance of glucose in urine due to hyperglycemia in a fasting person
Hallmark of Diabetes Mellitus
The apearance of glucose in urine due to hyperglycemia in a fasting person
Casts
Cylindrical structures formed by the precipitation of protein molecules within the renal tubules
Ventilation Functions
Oxygenation of the blood; accomplished by bringing new air into the alveoli during the inhalation phase
elimination of Carbon Dioxide from the blood; accomplished by the diffusion of CO2 from the blood into the alveoli and the extrusion of the CO2 by exhalation
Acid
A Molecule that can donate free H+ Ions to a solution to lower its pH.
Carbonic Acid is formed by
the combination of CO2 and water within the red blood cells
Carbonic Acid formation is catalyzed by
Carbonic Anhydrase
Carbonic acid dissociates into
H+ ion and Bicarbonate Ion HCO3-
Bicarbonate Ion serves as what in the blood
A Buffer, helping to stabilize the pH of plasma despite the continuous influx of H+ from the molecules of Lactic Acid, Fatty Acids, Ketone Bodies, and other metabolic Products
Hypoventlation
Low oxygenation; Carbonic Acid levels will rise aboce normal and the pH wll fall below 7.35
Hypoventilation is also known as
Respiratory Acidosis
Hyperventilation
causes an abnormal decrease in carbonic acid and a corresponding rise in blood pH.
Hyperventilation is also known as
Respiratory Alkalosis
Increased muscle metabolism during exercise results in
an increase in CO2 production
Spirometry
A technique used for measuring lung volumes and capacities
Total Lung Capacity
Total volume of gas in the lungs after a maximum (froced) inhalation
Vital Capacity
The maximum volume of gas that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
Tidal Volume
The volume of gas inspired or expired during each normal unforced ventilation cycle
Inspiratory Capacity
The maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled after a normal unforced exhalation
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The maximum volume of gas that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal (Tidal) inhalation
Functional Residual Capacity
The Volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal (unforced) exhalation
Residual Volume
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum (forced) exhalation
Boyle’s Law
the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
In normal unforced ventilation, the thoracic volume is regulated by action of the
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
During inhalation, the diaphragm is
Contracted
During exhalation, the diaprhagm is
relaxed
Forced Expiratory Volume
Otherwise Known as the timed vital Capacity. The subject performs a vital capacity maneuver by inhaling maximally, holding, then exhaling maximally as rapidly as possible
Obstructive Disorders
disorders of the bronchioles and characteristic of Emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma. The obstruction can result from bronchiolar secretions, inflammation and edema, or contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle
Restrictive Disorders
damage to the lung tissue results in an abnormal vital capacity test. If the disease is purely restrictive (pulmonary fibrosis) the airways may be clear, resulting in a normal FEV test. The VC is reduced, but it can be quickly exhaled.
Emphysema
The loss of elastic lung tissue decreases the FEV due to the collapse of small airways during exhalation
Air Trapping
Weakened bronchioles collapse during exhalation before all the air has been released from the lungs
Emphysema is caused primarily by
smoking and aggravated air pollution and reduces the # of Alveoli in the lungs
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Inflammation with narrowing of the airway and destruction of alveolar walls
Other diseases in the COPD Category
Chronic Obstructive Bronchiolitis
Fibrosis and obstruction of the bronchioles, emphysema
FEV1 test
detects the increased airway resistance, as occurs in emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma
Phenylthalene is used as an indicator for
testing alkalinity in a solution. (Turns Pink)
In order to identify a male urinary system, what must be present
The Prostate gland under the Bladder
In order to identify a female urinary system, what structures must be present?
The Uterus on top of the bladder
Hyoid Bone
Helps support swallowing
In order to suffocate someone or choke them to death, what must occur?
Hyoid Bone must be broken
Trachea
Windpipe; Split into Primary, Secondary, and tertiary Bronchioles
Glottis
Opening between the vocal cords and opens into the Larynx
The esophagus is posterior to the
Larynx
Epiglottis
Keeps food in the esophagus instead of going down the larynx
An increase in Thoracic Volume results in
a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure
What is the normal Arterial pH
7.4 +-.05
Bicarbonate is a buffer in the blood, meaning
You can add H+ Ions without changing the pH
In hyperventilation, the pH
Falls below 7.35
Respiratory Acidosis
In Hypoventilation, the pH
Respiraory Alkalosis
What are the 4 sphincters in the Digestive Tract?
Oral Sphincter
Cardiac Sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter
Ileocecal Sphincter
3 areas of the Small Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Digestion
Break large molecules into small ones w/ hydrolysis
