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Human Physiology 2234 > Unit 2 Endocrinology > Flashcards

Unit 2 Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Adipose Tissue

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Leptin
Primary Target Organs: Hypothalamus
Primary Effects: Suppress Appetite

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2
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: (Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects)

Primary Target Organs: Liver and Muscles, Kidneys

Primary Effects: Glucocorticoids influence glucose metabolism; mineralocorticoids promote Na+ retention, K+ excretion

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3
Q

Adrenal Medulla

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Epinephrine

Primary Target Organs: Heart, Bronchioles, Blood Vessels
Primary Effects: Causes Adrenergic Stimulation

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4
Q

Heart

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Atria Natriuretic Hormone

Primary Target Organs: Kidneys

Primary Effects: Promotes Excretion of Na+ and Water in Urine

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5
Q

Hypothalamus

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones

Primary Target Organs: Anterior Pituitary

Primary Effects: Regulates secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

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6
Q

Small Intestine

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Secretin and Cholecystokinin

Primary Target Organs: Stomach, Liver, Pancreas

Primary Effects: Inhibits gastric motility and stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion

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7
Q

Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Insulin Glucagon

Primary Target Organs: Liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue primarily

Primary Effects: Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose and formation of glycogen and fat; glucagon stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen and fat

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8
Q

Kidneys

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Erythropoietin

Primary Target Organs: Bone Marrow

Primary Effects: Stimulates Red Blood Cell Production

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9
Q

Liver

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Somatomedins

Primary Target Organs: Cartilage

Primary Effects: Stimulates Cell Division and Growth

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10
Q

Ovaries

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Estradiol 17-B, Progesterone

Primary Target Organs: Female reproductive tract and mammary glands

Primary Effects: Maintains structure of reproductive tract and promotes secondary sex characteristics

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11
Q

Parathyroid Glands

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Parathyroid Hormone

Primary Target Organs: Bone, Small Intestine, and Kidneys

Primary Effects: Increases Ca2+ Concentration in blood

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12
Q

Pineal Gland

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Melatonin

Primary Target Organs: Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary

Primary Effects: Affects Secretion of Gonadotrophic Hormones

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13
Q

Pituitary , Anterior

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Trophic Hormones

Primary Target Organs: Endocrine Glands and Other Organs

Primary Effects: Stimulates growth and development of target organs; stimulates secretion of other hormones

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14
Q

Pituitary, Posterior

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin

Primary Target Organs: Stimulates growth and development of target organs; stimulates secretion of other hormones

Primary Effects: Antidiuretic hormone promotes water retention and vasoconstriction; oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary secretory units, promoting milk ejection

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15
Q

Skin

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

Primary Target Organs: Small Intestine

Primary Effects: Stimulates absorption of Ca2+

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16
Q

Stomach

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Gastrin

Primary Target Organs: Stomach

Primary Effects: Stimulates Acid Secretion

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17
Q

Testes

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Testosterone

Primary Target Organs: Prostate, seminal vesicles, testes, and other organs

Primary Effects: Stimulates secondary sexual development, spermatogenesis, other effects

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18
Q

Thymus

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Thymopoietin

Primary Target Organs: Lymph Nodes

Primary Effects: Stimulates White Blood Cell Production

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19
Q

Thyroid Gland

Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects

A

Major Hormone: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); calcitonin

Primary Target Organs: Most Organs

Primary Effects: Thyroxine and triiodothyronine promote growth and development and stimulate basal rate of cell respiration (basal metabolic rate or BMR); calcitonin may participate in the regulation of blood Ca2+ levels

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20
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Glands that secrete Hormones into the circulation rather than into a duct

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21
Q

Hormone

A

A regulatory chemical produced in an endocrine gland that is secreted into the blood and carried to the target cells that respond to it by an alteration in their metabolism

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22
Q

Amines

A

Hormones derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. They include the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla, thyroid, and pineal glands.

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23
Q

Glycoproteins

A

a protein bound to one or more carbohydrate groups. Examples are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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24
Q

Steroids

A

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol after an enzyme cleaves off the side chain attached to the five-carbon “D” ring (fig. 11.2). Steroid hormones include testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol.

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25
Q

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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26
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System mediates

A

Fight or Flight

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27
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System mediates

A

Rest and Digest

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28
Q

The Sympathetic Division is located in

A

The thoracolumbar Division

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29
Q

Adrenal Medulla’s Secretory cells appear to be modified

A

Postganglionics

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30
Q

Adrenal medula releases

A

85% Epinephrine and
15% NorEpinephrine
In response to preganglionic stimulation

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31
Q

How is Epinephrine made?

A

By Methylating Norepinephrine

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32
Q

The Parasympathetic Division is located

A

In the Craniosacral Division

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33
Q

What nerve carries most parasympathetic fibers

A

Vagus Nerve

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34
Q

Postganglionic Synapses have unusual Synapses called

A

Varicosities

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35
Q

Adrenergic Stimulation

A

Causes both excitation and inhibition depending on tissue

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36
Q

What are the two types of Adrenergic Receptors?

A

Alpha and Beta

Alpha 1, Alpha 2) (Beta 1, Beta 2

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37
Q

Adrenergic effects of the Eye

A

Contraction of radial Fibers of the Iris dilates the pupils. (Alpha 1)

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38
Q

Adrenergic Effects of the Heart

A

Increase Heart Rate and Contraction Strength (Beta 1)

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39
Q

Adrenergic Effects of Skin and Visceral Vessels

A

Arterioles Constrict due to smooth muscle contractions ( Alpha 1)

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40
Q

Adrenergic Effects of Skeletal Muscle Vessels

A

Arterioles constrict due to sympathetic nerve activity (Alpha 1)
Arterioles dilate due to Epinephrine ( Beta 2)

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41
Q

Adrenergic Effects of the Lungs

A

Bronchioles (Airways) dilate due to smooth muscle relaxation (Beta 2)

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42
Q

Adrenergic Effects of Stomach and Intestines

A

Contraction of Sphincters slows passage of food (Alpha 1)

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43
Q

Adrenergic Effects of the Liver

A

Glycogenolysis and secretion of Glucose (Alpha 1, Beta 1)

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44
Q

Cholinergic Synapses have 2 subtypes:

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

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45
Q

Nicotinic Receptors are stimulated by ____ and Blocked by____

A

Nicotine

Curare

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46
Q

Muscarinic Receptors are stimulated by ____ and Blocked by ______

A

Muscarine (From poisonous mushrooms)

Atropine

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47
Q

Nicotinic Ach Receptors Are Found

A

In the postsynaptic membrane of All Autonomic Ganglia, , All NMJs, and Some CNS pathways

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48
Q

Muscarinic ACh Receptors

A

Produce parasympathetic nerve effects in the heart, smooth muscles, and glands,
GPCRs (Receptors influence ion channels by means of G-Protein)

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49
Q

Skeletal Muscle response to Acetylcholine

A

Depolarization, producing action potentials and muscle contractions.
Ach opens cation channel in receptor (Ca2+)

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50
Q

Autonomic Ganglia response to Acetlycholine

A

Depolarization, causing activation of postganglionic neurons
Ach opens cation channel in receptor

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51
Q

Smooth Muscle Gland response to Acetylcholine

A

Depolarization and contraction of smooth muscle, secretion of glands
Ach activates GPCR , opening Ca2+ , channels and increasing cytosolic Ca2+

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52
Q

Heart response of Acetylcholine

A

Hyperpolarization, slowing rate of spontaneous depolarization
Ach activates GPCR , Opening K+ Channels

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53
Q

Dual Innervation

A

Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (supplied by both Symp and Parasymp)

54
Q

Ways Dual Innervation can affect the body

A

Can be Complementary, Cooperative

55
Q

Organs without dual innervation

A

Regulation is achieved by increasing or decreasing firing rate
E.g. adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands, and most blood vessels receive only sympathetic innervation

56
Q

What directly controls the activity of the ANS

A

Medulla Oblongata (Most Directly)

57
Q

What other areas of the brain control activity of the ANS

A

Hypothalamus
Limbic System
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebellum

58
Q

The hypothalamus has both neural functions and _____

A

Releases Hormones

59
Q

Besides the Hypothalamus, what are the organs that produce hormones?

A

Adipose Cells, Pockets of cells in the walls of the small intestine, stomach, Kidneys, and Heart

60
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical Substances secreted by cells int the extracellular Fluid (Blood)

61
Q

Functions of Hormones

A

Regulate metabolic functions of other cells

62
Q

Hormones have lag times ranging from

A

Seconds to hours

63
Q

Hormones are classified as

A

Amino-Acid Based hormones, or Steroids

64
Q

Amino Aid Based Hormones

A

Amines, Thyroxine, Peptide, and Protein Hormones

65
Q

Hormones alter target cells activity by 2 mechanisms:

A

Second Messeners

Direct Gene Activation

66
Q

Second Messenger Target cell activity mechanisms

A

Regulatory G Proteins

Amino-Acid Based Hormones

67
Q

Direct Gene Activation activity mechanisms

A

Steroid Hormones

68
Q

Hormones produce what kind of cellular changes:

A 
Plasma membrane permeabilty
Stimulate protein synthesis
Activate/Deactivate enzyme systems
Induce Secretory activity
Stimulate Mitosis
69
Q

What is an example of a Second Messenger?

A

Cyclic AMP: cAMP

PIP-Calcium

70
Q

True or False: Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone diffuse easily into their target cells

71
Q

Once steroid Hormones are inside the cell, what occurs?

A

They Bind and activate a specific intracellular receptor

72
Q

Hormones circulate to all tissues but only activate cells called

A

Target Cells

73
Q

Target cells have

A

Specific Receptors

74
Q

Receptors may be intracellular or

A

Located on the Target Membrane

75
Q

Target Cell Activation depends on three factors

A

Blood levels of the hormone
The relative number of receptors on the target cell
The affinity of those receptors for the hormone

76
Q

Hormones circulate in the blood in 2 forms:

A

Free or Bound

77
Q

Are steroid Hormones Free or Bound?

A

Steroids and Thyroid hormones are attached to plasma Proteins

78
Q

Besides Steroid and Thyroid Hormones, what type are all other hormones?

A

All others are free

79
Q

Concentration of circulating hormones reflect

A

Rate of release

Speed of inactivation and removal from the body

80
Q

Horones are released from the blood by

A

Degrading enzymes
The kidneys
Liver enzyme systems

81
Q

What are the three types of hormone Interaction?

A

Permissiveness
Synergism
Antagonism

82
Q

Blood levels of hormones are controlled by

A

Negative Feedback Systems

83
Q

Hormones are synthesized and released in response to

A

Humoral stimuli
Neural stimuli
Hormonal stimuli

84
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients

85
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients

86
Q

Example of Humoral Stimuli

A

Concentration of Ca2+ Ions in the blood

87
Q

Declining blood Calcium concentration stimulates the parathyroid gland to secrete

A

PTH Parathyroid Hormones

88
Q

PTH causes

A

Ca2+ concentrations to rise and the stimulus is removed

89
Q

Neural Stimuli

A

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

90
Q

Preganglionic Sympathetic Nervous System fibers stimulate

A

the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines

91
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs

92
Q

They Hypothalamic hormones stimulate

A

The Anterior Pituitary

93
Q

Pituitary Hormones stimulate targets to

A

Secrete more hormones

94
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Tropic hormones that target other endocrine glands

95
Q

What do Gonadotropins do?

A

Target gonads

96
Q

Examples of Gonadotropins

A

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

97
Q

Tropic Hormone Examples

A 
Gonadotropins
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
PRL (Prolactin)
GH (Growth Hormone)
98
Q

Leutinizing hormone affects what areas?

A

Testes

Ovary

99
Q

TSH affects what area

A

Thyroid Gland

100
Q

Prolacta affects what area

A

Mammary Glands

101
Q

Growth Hormone affects what areas?

A

Liver
IGF
Fat Muscle Bone

102
Q

ACTCH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) affects what areas?

A

Adrenal Cortex

103
Q

Pituitary Hormones

A

Oxytocin

ADH

104
Q

FSH Stimulates

A

Production of egg or sperm cells

105
Q

LH function

A

Stimulates Hormone Production

106
Q

LH Function in females

A

stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen

107
Q

LH function in males

A

stimulates interstitial cells of testes to secrete testosterone

108
Q

TSH Function

A

Stimulates growth of gland and stimulation of TH

109
Q

ACTCH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) function

A

Regulates response to stress, stimulates adrenal cortex

110
Q

Prolacta function in females

A

Milk Synthesis after delivery

111
Q

Prolacta function in males

A

increases Leutinizing hormone sensitivity, thus increases testosterone secretion

112
Q

How is the Anterior Pituitary Gland controlled?

A

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones of hypothalamus

113
Q

How is the Posterior Pituitary Gland Controlled?

A

Neuroendocrine Reflexes

114
Q

hormone release in response to nervous system signals

A

suckling infant ->stimulates nerve endings -> hypothalamus -> posterior lobe -> oxytocin -> milk ejection

115
Q

hormone release in response to higher brain centers

A

milk ejection reflex can be triggered by a baby’s cry

116
Q

Pineal Gland Function

A

Produces Serotonin in the daytime; Converts it to melatonin at night

117
Q

Pineal Gland Function

A

Produces Serotonin in the daytime; Converts it to melatonin at night

118
Q

Thymus function

A

regulate development and later activation of T-lymphocytes

*thymopoietin and thymosins

119
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Largest endocrine gland; high rate of blood flow

arises root of embryonic tongue

120
Q

What homones are released by the Thyroid Gland?

A

T3, T4, Thyroid Hormone

121
Q

C Cells

A

Calcitonin or Parafollicular cells

Produce Calcitonin

122
Q

Parathyroid Gland releases

A

Parathyroid Hormone

123
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Sympathetic ganglion innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers
stimulation causes release of catecholamines (epinephrine, NE)

124
Q

Adrenal Medulla’s Hormonal effect is longer lasting due to:

A 
Increases alertness, anxiety, or fear
increases BP, heart rate and air flow
raises metabolic rate
inhibits insulin secretion
stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
125
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal Cortex

A 
Zona Glomerulosa (Outer)
Zona Fasciulata (Middle)
Zona Reticularis (Inner)
126
Q

Sex Steroids are associated with what layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

(Zona Reticularis)

Androgen and Estrogen

127
Q

Glucocorticoids are associated with what layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona Fasciulata
especially cortisol, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis (from a.a.’s and FA’s) and release of fatty acids and glucose into the blood

128
Q

Mineralocorticoids are associated with what layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Glomerulosa

control electrolyte balance, aldosterone promotes Na+ retention and K+ excretion

129
Q

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, and Sex Steroids are all forms of

A

Corticosteroids

130
Q

Pancreatic Hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

131
Q

Somatostatin comes from what type of cells

A

(From Delta (S) cells)

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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