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Human Physiology 2234 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the digestive tract?

A

Digestion of consumed foods

Absorption of nutrients produced by digestion

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2
Q

Digestion

A

hydrolysis reactions that break ingested polymers (large molecules) into their smaller subunits (monomers)

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3
Q

Absorption

A

transfer of monomer subunits across wall of small intestine into blood or lymph

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4
Q

Motility

A

movement of food through tract includes ingestion, mastication, deglutition, and peristalsis

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5
Q

Peristalsis

A

(rhythmic contractions along GI tract that propel food)

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6
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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7
Q

Mastication

A

(chewing food and mixing with saliva)

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8
Q

Secretion (Endocrine)

A

(secretion of hormones that regulate digestive process)

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9
Q

Additional Functions of the Digestive Tract

A

Motility
Secretion
Storage and Elimination

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10
Q

Sections of the Small Intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
ileum

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11
Q

Length of the Duodenum

A

12 inches (1 foot)

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12
Q

Sections of the Large Intestine

A

Colon
Cecum
Rectum

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13
Q

Organs of the GI Tract

A 
Oral (Buccal Cavity)
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
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14
Q

Accessory organs of the GI Tract

A

Teeth, Toungue, Salivary Glands
Liver and Gall Bladder
Pancreas

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15
Q

What are the two nerve nets (Plexuses)

A

Submucosa

Myenteric

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16
Q

What are the two nerve nets (Plexuses)

A

Submucosa

Myenteric

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17
Q

The activity of the Plexuses can be modified by

A

central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

Neural Regulation of the GI Tract is done by

A

The Autonomic Nervous System

Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Innervation

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19
Q

Parasympathetic regulation of the GI Tract is done by

A

vagus nerve and spinal nerves in sacral region (to lower portion of large intestine)

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20
Q

What does the parasympathetic regulation of the GI Tract do?

A

Stimulates motility and secretion; favors digestion

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21
Q

Sympathetic regulation of the GI Tract

A

Reduces motility and secretory activity and stimulates sphincter contraction

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22
Q

What are the sphincters in the digestive system?

A 
Oral Sphincter
Cardiac Sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter
Ileocecal Sphincter
Anal Sphincter
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23
Q

What are the sphincters in the digestive system?

A 
Oral
Cardiac
Pyloric
Ileocecal
Anal
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24
Q

Function of teeth in the GI Tract

A

increases surface area upon which digestive enzymes work

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25
Q

Salivary Glands’ function in the GI Tract

A

secrete saliva
lubricates and softens food; aids in swallowing
contains salivary amylase

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26
Q

Salivary Amylase breaks down what macromolecules

A

Starches/Polysaccharides

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27
Q

Salivary Amylase breaks down what macromolecules

A

Starches/Polysaccharides

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28
Q

What are the three salivary glands

A

parotid, submaxillary, sublingual

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29
Q

What is the Parasympathetic system’s role in salivary secretion?

A

Stimulates secretion

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30
Q

What is the sympathetic NS’ role in Salivary Secretion?

A

Inhibits secretion (dry mouth when nervous)

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31
Q

Anticipation of food’s role in salivary secretion

A

(sight, smell, taste, or thought of food can trigger nervous system) and trigger salivary secretion

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32
Q

the physical presence of food in the mouth

A

induces salivary secretion

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33
Q

When Salivary Amylase breaks down starch, it is converted into

A

Maltose
Malitrose
Short Branched Oligosaccharides

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34
Q

Maltose Structure

A

glucose-Glucose

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35
Q

Malitrose Structure

A

Glucose-Glucose-Glucose

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36
Q

What sugars does Salivary Amylase not work on?

A

Sucrose

Lactose

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37
Q

Sucrose Structure

A

Glucose-Fructose (Table Sugar)

Glucose-Galactose (Milk Sugar)

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38
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat

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39
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap that covers the trachea when ingesting food and drinks to ensure it gets to the esophagus

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40
Q

Esophagus

A

Involuntary contractions and relaxations propel food from pharynx to stomach

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41
Q

Stomach Function

A

Temporary storage of ingested material

Sphincters prevent backward flow of materials into esophagus and regulate release of stomach contents into small intestine

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42
Q

Stomach Function

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested material

Churning of stomach mechanically disrupts foods

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43
Q

What active hormones in the stomach chemically break down foods?

A

Pepsin and HCl

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44
Q

How are stomach contents sterilized?

A

By the acid present

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45
Q

Where is protein digestion initiated?

A

In the stomach

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46
Q

What are the two types of mucous secreted in the stomach?

A

Soluble Form

Insoluble form

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47
Q

Soluble stomach mucous

A

mixes with other stomach juices

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48
Q

Insoluble Stomach Mucous

A

forms protective gel-like barrier over cells that line the stomach

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49
Q

Function of Insoluble Stomach Mucous

A

Traps dead cells

Traps bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

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50
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Mucous-Producing cells in the stomach

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51
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secrete Hydrochloric Acid

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52
Q

How are Parietal Cells stimulated to secrete HCl

A

Gastrin stimulates it

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53
Q

Chief Cells

A

Secrete Pepsinogen

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54
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive Pepsin Hormone

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55
Q

How is Pepsinogen converted into pepsin

A

Acidic pH converts Pepsinogen into Pepsin

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56
Q

What is the function of Pepsin

A

Breaks down large proteins into smaller peptides

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57
Q

G Cells

A

Secrete Gastrin

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58
Q

Target Tissues of Gastrin

A

chief cells and parietal cells in stomach

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59
Q

Function of Gastrin

A

Stimulate Gastric Juice Production

  • HCl from parietal Cells
  • Pepsinogen from chief cells
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60
Q

What increases the pH of the stomach?

A

Gastrin

Promotes conversion of Pepsinogen to Pepsin

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61
Q

Parasympathetic Regulation of Gastrin Secretion

A

Stimulates secretion

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62
Q

How is gastrin secretion regulated by the contents in the stomach?

A

Stimulated by presence of proteins and especially the presence of certain amino acids (phenylalanine and tryptophan)

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63
Q

How does a very acidic pH affect Gastrin secretion?

A

Secretion inhibited when pH = 3

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64
Q

D Cells

A

Secrete Somatostatin

Shut down Gastrin secretion

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65
Q

What is the pH of the stomach when empty

A

2

66
Q

What is the pH of the stomach when full?

A

6

67
Q

The Presence of proteins and polypeptides in the stomach functions as

A

a Buffer to somewhat neutralize pH

68
Q

True or False: The stomach is constantly secreting acid

A

False: The Stomach doesn’t produce acid unless it needs to

69
Q

Cephalic phase of Gastric Secretion

A

stimuli come from central nervous system (triggered by thought, smell, sight, taste of food)

70
Q

Gastric Phase of Gastric Secretion

A

primarily local stimuli
stretch of stomach wall when food enters
presence of protein and amino acids
hormonal stimulation by gastrin

71
Q

Intestinal Phase of Gastric Secretion

A

Signals come from intestine and have inhibitory effect i.e. slow the rate of gastric secretion
Stretch of duodenum stimulate nerve reflex that inhibits gastric motility and secretion
Presence of fat in duodenum stimulates secretion of inhibitory hormones = enterogastrones

72
Q

Enterogastrones

A

Inhibitory hormones stimulated by presence of fat in the duodenum

73
Q

Almost all products of digestion are absorbed where?

A

In the small Intestine

74
Q

Alcohol and Aspirin are absorbed where?

A

absorbed directly through stomach wall due to their lipid solubility

75
Q

Absorption of aspirin through the stomach wall is associated with

A

absorbed directly through stomach wall due to their lipid solubility

76
Q

Chyme

A

Liquefied Food; Passed from stomach to the small intestine

77
Q

Small Intestine Functions

A

CHO digestion resumes and is completed here
Protein digestion continues and completes here
Fat digestion is initiated and completed here

Also functions to absorb nutrients, fluids, and electrolytes

78
Q

How Long is the small intestine

A

16 feet

79
Q

How Long is the Duodenum

A

1 foot long

80
Q

Hormones important in Small Intestine Digestive Activity

A 
Secretin
Cholecyctokinin (CCK)
Enterokinase
Pancreatic enzymes
Lipase, Amylase, Peptidases, Trypsinogen, Trypsin
81
Q

What are the Pancreatic Enzymes?

A

Lipase, Amylase, Peptidases, Trypsinogen, Trypsin

82
Q

S Cells Secrete

A

Secretin

83
Q

What is Secretin’s target tissue

A

Pancreatic Ducts and liver

84
Q

Secretion is Nature’s

A

Antacid

85
Q

Stimuli for secretin Secretion

A

Acid (pH less than 4.5 stimulates secretion)

86
Q

I Cells Secrete

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

87
Q

CCK (Cholecytokinin) target tissues

A

pancreatic acinar cells and gall bladder

88
Q

I Cell Function

A

Induces secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreatic cells

Induces contraction of gall bladder, which releases bile into small intestine

89
Q

Stimuli for CCK Secretion

A

Presence of protein and/or fat in chyme

90
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

breaks CHO starch to maltose, maltriose, and small branched structures

91
Q

Lipase

A

breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

92
Q

Proteolytic Enzyme function

A

enzymes break peptides down to amino acids and dipeptide fragments

93
Q

Trypsinogen

A

Converted to trypsin by enzyme (enterokinase) located along inner wall of small intestine

94
Q

Enterokinase

A

Located along inner wall of small intestine. Converts Trypsinogen to Trypsin

95
Q

Pancreatic Zygomens

A

Inactive Enzymes

96
Q

Trypsin function in Pancreatic Zygomens

A

Trypsin converts other pancreatic zymogens (inactive forms) to their active forms within the small intestine

97
Q

Most Pancreatic Enzymes are produced as

A

inactive molecules (Zygomens)

98
Q

What is the purpose/function of Zygomens?

A

Protects the pancreas from self-digestion

99
Q

Pancreatic Amylase is secreted into the duodenum in response to

A

Secretin

100
Q

Pancreatic Amylase is active in the intestine because:

A

the acidic chyme is neutralized by HCO3- also secreted from pancreas in response to secretin
Is considerably more potent than amylase in saliva

101
Q

Pancreatic Amylase function

A

converts complex CHOs to maltriose, maltose, and short branched sugars

102
Q

Inner Surface of the Small Intestine

A

(epithelial layer) extensively folded and covered with smaller folds (villi) and even smaller folds (microvilli) increase surface area for absorption to occur

103
Q

Function of Microvilli

A

Increase surface area for absorption

104
Q

The small intestine is the site of absorption for:

A

carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, calcium and iron in duodenum and jejunum
Bile salts, Vit B12, water, and electrolytes mainly in ileum

105
Q

Monosaccharides move through the cells lining the sm. intestine and into the

A

Interstitium

106
Q

After Monosaccharides enter the Interstitium, what occurs?

A

Monosaccharides then enter hepatic portal vein and are transported to liver first, and the rest of the body afterwards

107
Q

The Hepatic portal vein role in CHO absorption in the Small Intestine

A

Monosaccharides then enter hepatic portal vein and are transported to liver first, and the rest of the body afterwards

conveys blood from capillaries in the intestine, stomach, and pancreas to capillaries in the liver

108
Q

Fat Digestion prior to the small intestine

A

Limited. Some lipases in Saliva and Gastric Secretions contribute

109
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme important in fat digestion

110
Q

Lipase is secreted into the Small Intestine from the

A

Pancreas

111
Q

Lipase is secreted into the Small Intestine from the Pancreas in response to

A

Secretin

112
Q

Lipase Function

A

Breaks down triglycerides to free fatty acids and monoglycerides

113
Q

Lipase activity is dependent upon

A

the amount of surface area on which it can work

114
Q

In Lipid digestion and Absorption in the Small intestine, Fats stimulate

A

I Cells to release CCK

115
Q

In the Small intestine, CCK triggers

A

The release of Bile from the gall bladder

116
Q

Blile Function

A

Fat Emulsification

117
Q

True or False: Bile breaks bond between glycerol and fatty acids

A

False: The Bonds are not broken

118
Q

Fat emulsification

A

Breaks Large Fat gobules into smaller fat gobules

119
Q

Bile increases surface area available for what to act?

A

Pancreatic Lipase

120
Q

The Hepatic Artery delivers oxygenated blood to

A

The Liver

121
Q

The Hepatic Portal Vein function

A

receives absorbed nutrients first, then the rest of the body gets it. This does not include fat.

122
Q

Liver’s Digestive functions

A

Secretes bile - essential for digestion and absorption of fats

123
Q

Liver’s circulatory functions

A

destroys aged or abnormal blood cells and produces clotting factors

124
Q

What converts protein metabolites into urea for elimination by the kidneys?

A

The Liver

125
Q

Liver Immune Functions

A

(Kupffer cells)

126
Q

The Liver functions as a blood reservior in regulation of

A

Blood Volume

127
Q

Bile

A

Product of the liver cells

128
Q

Bile contains

A

bile pigment, bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, and inorganic ions

129
Q

Bile Pigment contains

A

bilirubin = breakdown product of hemoglobin

130
Q

Bile Salts

A

lipid aggregates with non-polar parts in central region and polar regions toward water

131
Q

What is essential for the absorption of fat from the digestive tract?

A

Bile

132
Q

Gallbladder location

A

On the underside of the liver

133
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Concentrates and stores the bile produced in liver

134
Q

Gallbladder contraction forces

A

bile into small intestine

135
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

hormone released by ‘I’ cells of small intestine

136
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) function

A

Stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from gall bladder

137
Q

Micelles

A

Aggregates of bile salts, free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and fat-soluble vitamins

138
Q

Micelle arrangement and function

A

Arranged with non-polar regions to center, polar, water-soluble portions to outside
Makes lipids more water soluble in lumen of intestine

139
Q

Micelle Transport

A

transported to epithelial cells lining small intestine

140
Q

Importance of Micelle Formation

A

Intestinal epithelial layer is covered by an ‘unstirred’ water layer
Fats are nonpolar, and insoluble in water

141
Q

Micelle Structure

A

outer borders are polar, but whose inner segments are nonpolar

142
Q

Outer Polar Portion of Micelles

A

can dissolve in the unstirred water layer and be transported to epithelial cell surfaces

143
Q

Nonpolar Portion of Micelles

A

can then be removed from micelle and absorbed individually, or in some cases the micelle itself may be absorbed

144
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Inside epithelial cells, triglycerides and phospholipids are re-synthesized
Resynthesized triglycerides and phospholipids are combined with cholesterol and protein inside the cell to form chylomicrons

145
Q

Chlylomicrons are released into

A

the lymphatic system - NOT INTO HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN

Liver does not get ‘first crack’ at lipids

146
Q

Proteolytic enzymes are released in inactive form (Zygomens)

A

from the pancreas in response to secretin

147
Q

Trypsinogen

A

inactive precursor that is converted (by enterokinase) to trypsin in the brush border of the small intestine

148
Q

True or False: Trypsin converts other zymogens to their active forms

A

True

149
Q

Collectively, the proteolytic enzymes break proteins and peptides into

A

single amino acids, or di- and tripeptides

150
Q

Amino Acids are absorbed by

A

the epithelial cells of the small intestine by active co-transport with sodium

151
Q

Di- and tripeptides are also absorbed by

A

epithelial cells of the small intestine and then broken down into amino acids within the epithelial cells

152
Q

Epithelial cells release amino acids into portal blood

A

which is transported first to the liver, then to rest of the body

153
Q

The Large Intestine is separated from the small intestine by

A

ileocecal valve

154
Q

Large Intestine Function

A

Collects food residue (indigestible) material
Site of final water reabsorption - causes chyme to become solid (forms feces)
Stores feces until eliminated from body

155
Q

Large Intestine Divsions

A 
Cecum
Colon
-ascending
-transverse
-descending
-Sigmoid
156
Q

Divisions of the Colon

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid (leads to rectum)

157
Q

Cecum

A

section nearest small intestine (appendix attached in this region)

158
Q

What is the major portion of the Small Intestine

A

Colon

159
Q

98% of water that enters the gut is

A

reabsorbed

160
Q

How much water is reabsorbed in the small intestine?

A

85%

161
Q

How much water is reabsorbed in the large intestine

A

13%

162
Q

Absorption of water is a passive process

A

Osmotic gradient created by active transport of ions

Water moves according to its gradient

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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