Unit 1 Lab Flashcards
What are the four primary tissue types?
Epithelial Connective Muscular Neural
How are Epithelia classified?
According to # of Layers (Simple or Stratified) Cell Shape
What are the 3 Epithelial Cell Shapes?
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
Where are the Simple Squamous Epithelial cells located?
Lining of Ventral Cavities Lining of blood vessels Alveoli
What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells?
Nutrient and Gas Exchange Friction Reduction
Where are stratified squamous Epithelial Cells located?
Skin Surface, Entrances/exits of body
What is the function of Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells?
Protection (against abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals)
Where are Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells located?
Glands (Salivary, Pancreas, Thyroid) Kidney Tubules
What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells?
Secretion Absorption
What is the location of Simple Columnar Epithelium
Many Excretory ducts Digestive System
What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium
Secretion Absorption
Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium
Respiratory Tract except for lungs
Transitional Epithelium Location
Bladder, Ureters, Renal Pelvis
Transitional Epithelium Function
Extreme Expansion and Recoil
Transitional Epithelium Function
Extreme Expansion and Recoil
what are the Connective Tissue Fibers?
Collagen, Reticular, Elastic
What are the Structural Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Specialized Cells Matrix (Proteins Fibers, Minerals, Water)
What are the Functions of Connective Tissue
Structural framework for body Transport of fluids and dissolved materials Support and protection for organs Support, protection and interconnecting other tissue types Energy storage Defense
Connective Tissue (Proper)
Aereolar (Loose) Dense (Regular, Irregular)
Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood, Lymph
Supportive Connective Tissue
Cartilage, Bone
What are the 3 types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Types of Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary Branched Single Nucleus
Types of Smooth Muscle
Involuntary Fusiform Single Nucleus Visceral Organs
Types of Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary Fibrous Multinucleated
Neural Tissue is made of
Neurons and Neuralgia
Neurons
Cells Specialized for intercellular communication
Neuralgia
Support and Protect Neurons
Proprioception
Receptors in all joints (articulations) and muscles that help know the position of joints and which muscles are being contracted
What must function properly for good motor skills?
Proprioception and Equilibrium (Send info to the Cerebellum) constantly
What do the Utricle and Saccule do?
Give acceleration ( Up and Down) (Back and Forth)
Osmosis
Diffusion of Water through a semipermeable membrane
Diffusion
Molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration
Adipose Tissue
Blood
Bone
Cardiac Muscle
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Loose Connective
Loose Reticular Connective Tissue
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium
Hypotonic Solution ( And what happens to the cell
Solution which contains higher concentration of water and lower concentration of solutes is called hypotonic solution. Since the concentration of water is higher outside the cell, there is a net movement of water from outside into the cell. Cell gains water, swells and the internal pressure increases
Hypertonic Solution (And What happens to the Cell)
since the concentration of solutes is greater outside of the cell than inside. For both human and plant cells, the water will rush out of the cell, and it will shrivel up.
Isotonic Solution ( And What happens to the Cell)
When cells are in isotonic solution, movement of water out of the cell is exactly balanced by movement of water into the cell.
The Outer portion of the brain is called
The Cerebrum
The Folds on the Surface of the Cerebrum are called
Gyri
The grooves on the Cerebrum are called
Suculi
The Deep groves of the cerebrum are called
Fissures
Deep to the Cerebrum is the Diencephalon which contains the
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Deep to the Diencephalon (Between brain and spinal cord is the
Brain Stem
The Brain stem consists of 3 parts which are:
Midbrain (Superior)
Pons (Middle)
Medulla Oblongata ( Inferior)
The Cerebellum is located
In the Posterior Inferior Aspect of the brain
The Cerebrum is divided into
Lobes
The Frontal Lobe Processes
Concentration, Planning, Problem Solving, and Motor information
The Precentral Gyrus is known as the
Primary Motor Area
The Central Sulcus divides
The Frontal and Parietal lobes
The Postcentral Gyrus is the primary
Sensory Area
The Occipital Lobe processes?
Visual Information
The Temporal Lobe processes
Auditory Information
The Lateral Sulcus
Separates the temporal lobe from the other lobes
The cerebellum processes information for
Fine Motor Movement, Coordination, and Proprioception
The Insula (Deep to the temporal Lobe) and Deep in the Lateral Sulcus
Involved in consciousness, motor control, homeostasis, and emotions
The Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by
Longitudinal Fissure
The Cerebral Hemispheres are connected by
A White Matter bridge called the Corpus Callosum
The Diencephalon is inferior to the Corpus Callosum and contains the
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
The Thalamus relays sensory information to the _____ and is also involved in _______.
Cerebrum
Emotions
The Hypothalamus regulates
Pituitary Gland Hormone secretion
Regulates body temp, thirst, hunger, sexual drive
Involved in emotion and sleep
The Pituitary Gland is connected to the Hypothalamus but is located in:
Sella Turica of the Sphenoid bone
Pineal Gland (Posterior portion of the Diencephalon)
Secretes Melatonin which helps regulate sleep
The Midbrain contains the
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
The Superior and Inferior Colliculi Control
Movement of head towards stimuli and process hearing
The pons contains respiratory centers and is involved in
Respiration and Sleep Regulation
The Medulla Oblongata helps control
Heart Rate, Respiration, Swallowing, Vomiting, and Blood Vessel Diameter
The Limbic System
Processes Emotion
The limbic system includes
Cingulate Gyrus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Hippocampus
amygdaloid body
mamillary body
parts of the thalamus
Parts of the hypothalamus
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Clear Fluid that circulates inside and around the brain
CSF Function
Shock Absorber
Contains Immune Cells
Helps to regulate cerebral blood flow
CSF is produced by the
Choroid Plexus (Vascular Structure)
Circulates in ventricles and around outside of the brain
There are ___ Ventricles in the brain
4
The 4 Ventricles in the Brain are
2 Lateral Ventricles
3rd Ventricle
4th Ventricle
The Lateral Ventricles connect to the third ventricle via
the interventricular foramen
The Third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle via the
Cerebral Aqueduct
The Covering of the brain is called the
Meninges (Membranes)
There are 3 layers of Meninges
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
Which meningeal membrane is directly on the brain?
Pia Mater
The Space between the arachnoid and Pia mater is called
The Subarachnoid space
The Subarachnoid space is filled with
CSF
The Choroid plexus produces
CSF
Arachnoid Granulations
Absorb CSF
How much CSF is produced Daily?
About 500 mL
Broca’s Area
Involved in language production and comprehension
Wernicke’s Area
Involved in Speech Recognition
A stroke in Broca’s area could result in
Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language (Speech) production
Broca’s Area
a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production
A Stroke in Wernicke’s area would result in
Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor.
loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.
The Inner Ear is enclosed within
The Cranial Bone
Conduction Deafness
No Vibration Detection
Usually an issue with the Ossicles or the Choclea
Sensory Deafness
A result of damage or underdevelopment of the hearing nerves
Crossed-Extensor Reflex
a withdrawal reflex. When the reflex occurs the flexors in the withdrawing limb contract and the extensors relax, while in the other limb, the opposite occurs.
Muscle Spindles
Stretch receptors embedded in the connective tissue of the muscle and consist of specialized muscle fibers innervated by sensory neurons. They’re arrnaged parallel to the normal muscle cells (Extrafusal fibers)
The Knee Jerk Reflex
An Ipsilateral monosynaptic Stretch Reflex.
Striking patellar Ligament stretches tendon and Quadriceps femoris
Spindle is stretched activating sensory neuron
Sensory neuron activates alpha motor neuron
Alpha Motoneuron stimulates extrafusal muscle fibers to contract
Crossed- Extensor Reflex
Demonstrates Double Reciprocal Innervation
Flexor contracts and extensor relaxes to withdraw foot
Extensor contracts and flexor relaxes in contralateral leg to support weight
Plantar Reflex
Elicited by cutaneous receptors of the foot. Big toe flexes downward while others flex and come together. Illustrates proper nerve conduction of pyramidal Motor Tracts
Babinski’s Sign
When the Great toe extends (Upward) and the other toes fan laterally
Damage to the Pyramidal Motor Tracts will produce this sign
What are the 4 independent modalities of cutaneous sensations?
Warmth, Cold, Touch, and Pain
Structure of Free Nerve Endings
Unmyelinated dendrites of sensory Neurons
Sensation of Free Nerve Endings
Light touch; Hot; Cold; Nocioception (Pain)
Nocioception
Pain
Merkel’s Discs Structure
Expanded Dendritic Endings associated w/ 50-70 specialized cells
Merkel’s Discs Sensation
Sustained touch and indented depth
Location of Free Nerve Endings
Around Hair follicles: Throughout skin
Merkel’s Disc Location
Base of epidermis (Stratum Basale)
Ruffini Corpuscle (Endings) Structure
Enlarged Dendritic endings within open, elongated capsule
Ruffini’s Corpuscle Sensation
Skin Stretch
Ruffini Corpuscle Location
Deep in Dermis and Hypodermis
Meisner’s Corpuscle Structure
Dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue
Meisner’s Corpuscle Sensation
Changes in Texture (Slow Vibration)
Meisner’s Corpuscle Location
Upper Dermis (Papillary Layer)
Pacinian Corpuscles Structure
Dendrites encapsulated by concentric lamellae of connective tissue structures
Pacinian Corpuscles Sensation
Deep Pressure; Fast Vibrations
Pacinian Corpuscle Location
Deep in Dermis
Somatosensory Cortex
The Density of touch receptor in some parts of the body is greater than in other parts
They correspond to different regions of the body of different sizes
Motor Cortex
Areas of the body which have the largest density of touch receptors also receive the greatest motor innervation
Two-Point Threshold Test
The density of touch receptors is measured by this exam
The 2 points of a pair of adjustable calipers are simultaneously placed on the subject’s skin with equal pressure, and they are asked if the 2 separate points are felt. If they say no, they are brought closer together until they only feel one. The minimum distance is the 2 point threshold.
Referred Pain
Due to damage in a visceral organ producing pain that is perceived at a different location towards the body surface.
True or False: Organs have sensory Neurons
False: They do not, so referred pain is usually the result of an issue in the corresponding organ.
Sensory information from the cutaneous receptors projects to the
Postcentral Gyrus
Direct electrical stimulation of the postcentral gyrus produces the same sensations as those felt when the cutaneous receptors are stimulated.
Sensory Adaptation
Receptors respond strongly to acute changes in environment and then stop responding when those stimuli become constant.
In ischemic heart disease, the reffered pain is in
The Left Pectoral region, left arm, and shoulder area (Angina Pectoris)
A referred pain under the right scapula may be caused by a
Gallstone when the gallbladder contracts
Vestibular Apparatus
Located in the inner ear above the cochlea; consists of 3 semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule.
Meneiere’s disease
Ringing of the ears or tinnitus; Vestibuar nystagmus is one of the symptoms; Occurs because the endolymph of the cochlea and the endolymph of the vestibular apparatus are continuous through a tiny canal.
Vertigo may be accompanied by
Dizziness
