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Human Physiology 2234 > Unit 1 Lab > Flashcards

Unit 1 Lab Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four primary tissue types?

A

Epithelial Connective Muscular Neural

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2
Q

How are Epithelia classified?

A

According to # of Layers (Simple or Stratified) Cell Shape

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3
Q

What are the 3 Epithelial Cell Shapes?

A

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

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4
Q

Where are the Simple Squamous Epithelial cells located?

A

Lining of Ventral Cavities Lining of blood vessels Alveoli

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5
Q

What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells?

A

Nutrient and Gas Exchange Friction Reduction

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6
Q

Where are stratified squamous Epithelial Cells located?

A

Skin Surface, Entrances/exits of body

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7
Q

What is the function of Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells?

A

Protection (against abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals)

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8
Q

Where are Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells located?

A

Glands (Salivary, Pancreas, Thyroid) Kidney Tubules

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9
Q

What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells?

A

Secretion Absorption

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10
Q

What is the location of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Many Excretory ducts Digestive System

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11
Q

What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Secretion Absorption

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12
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium

A

Respiratory Tract except for lungs

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13
Q

Transitional Epithelium Location

A

Bladder, Ureters, Renal Pelvis

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14
Q

Transitional Epithelium Function

A

Extreme Expansion and Recoil

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15
Q

Transitional Epithelium Function

A

Extreme Expansion and Recoil

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16
Q

what are the Connective Tissue Fibers?

A

Collagen, Reticular, Elastic

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17
Q

What are the Structural Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A

Specialized Cells Matrix (Proteins Fibers, Minerals, Water)

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18
Q

What are the Functions of Connective Tissue

A

Structural framework for body Transport of fluids and dissolved materials Support and protection for organs Support, protection and interconnecting other tissue types Energy storage Defense

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19
Q

Connective Tissue (Proper)

A

Aereolar (Loose) Dense (Regular, Irregular)

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20
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue

A

Blood, Lymph

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21
Q

Supportive Connective Tissue

A

Cartilage, Bone

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

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23
Q

Types of Cardiac Muscle

A

Involuntary Branched Single Nucleus

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24
Q

Types of Smooth Muscle

A

Involuntary Fusiform Single Nucleus Visceral Organs

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25
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscle

A

Voluntary Fibrous Multinucleated

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26
Q

Neural Tissue is made of

A

Neurons and Neuralgia

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27
Q

Neurons

A

Cells Specialized for intercellular communication

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28
Q

Neuralgia

A

Support and Protect Neurons

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29
Q

Proprioception

A

Receptors in all joints (articulations) and muscles that help know the position of joints and which muscles are being contracted

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30
Q

What must function properly for good motor skills?

A

Proprioception and Equilibrium (Send info to the Cerebellum) constantly

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31
Q

What do the Utricle and Saccule do?

A

Give acceleration ( Up and Down) (Back and Forth)

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32
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of Water through a semipermeable membrane

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33
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration

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34
Q
A
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35
Q
A

Adipose Tissue

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36
Q
A

Blood

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37
Q
A

Bone

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38
Q
A

Cardiac Muscle

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39
Q
A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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40
Q
A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

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41
Q
A

Elastic Cartilage

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42
Q
A

Fibrocartilage

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43
Q
A

Hyaline Cartilage

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44
Q
A

Loose Connective

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45
Q
A

Loose Reticular Connective Tissue

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46
Q
A

Pseudostratified Epithelium

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47
Q
A

Pseudostratified Epithelium

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48
Q
A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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49
Q
A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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50
Q
A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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51
Q
A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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52
Q
A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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53
Q
A

Skeletal Muscle

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54
Q
A

Smooth Muscle

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55
Q
A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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56
Q
A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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57
Q
A

Transitional Epithelium

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58
Q

Hypotonic Solution ( And what happens to the cell

A

Solution which contains higher concentration of water and lower concentration of solutes is called hypotonic solution. Since the concentration of water is higher outside the cell, there is a net movement of water from outside into the cell. Cell gains water, swells and the internal pressure increases

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59
Q

Hypertonic Solution (And What happens to the Cell)

A

since the concentration of solutes is greater outside of the cell than inside. For both human and plant cells, the water will rush out of the cell, and it will shrivel up.

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60
Q

Isotonic Solution ( And What happens to the Cell)

A

When cells are in isotonic solution, movement of water out of the cell is exactly balanced by movement of water into the cell.

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61
Q

The Outer portion of the brain is called

A

The Cerebrum

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62
Q

The Folds on the Surface of the Cerebrum are called

A

Gyri

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63
Q

The grooves on the Cerebrum are called

A

Suculi

64
Q

The Deep groves of the cerebrum are called

A

Fissures

65
Q

Deep to the Cerebrum is the Diencephalon which contains the

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

66
Q

Deep to the Diencephalon (Between brain and spinal cord is the

A

Brain Stem

67
Q

The Brain stem consists of 3 parts which are:

A

Midbrain (Superior)

Pons (Middle)

Medulla Oblongata ( Inferior)

68
Q

The Cerebellum is located

A

In the Posterior Inferior Aspect of the brain

69
Q

The Cerebrum is divided into

A

Lobes

70
Q

The Frontal Lobe Processes

A

Concentration, Planning, Problem Solving, and Motor information

71
Q

The Precentral Gyrus is known as the

A

Primary Motor Area

72
Q

The Central Sulcus divides

A

The Frontal and Parietal lobes

73
Q

The Postcentral Gyrus is the primary

A

Sensory Area

74
Q

The Occipital Lobe processes?

A

Visual Information

75
Q

The Temporal Lobe processes

A

Auditory Information

76
Q

The Lateral Sulcus

A

Separates the temporal lobe from the other lobes

77
Q
A
78
Q

The cerebellum processes information for

A

Fine Motor Movement, Coordination, and Proprioception

79
Q

The Insula (Deep to the temporal Lobe) and Deep in the Lateral Sulcus

A

Involved in consciousness, motor control, homeostasis, and emotions

80
Q
A
81
Q

The Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by

A

Longitudinal Fissure

82
Q

The Cerebral Hemispheres are connected by

A

A White Matter bridge called the Corpus Callosum

83
Q

The Diencephalon is inferior to the Corpus Callosum and contains the

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

84
Q

The Thalamus relays sensory information to the _____ and is also involved in _______.

A

Cerebrum

Emotions

85
Q

The Hypothalamus regulates

A

Pituitary Gland Hormone secretion

Regulates body temp, thirst, hunger, sexual drive

Involved in emotion and sleep

86
Q

The Pituitary Gland is connected to the Hypothalamus but is located in:

A

Sella Turica of the Sphenoid bone

87
Q

Pineal Gland (Posterior portion of the Diencephalon)

A

Secretes Melatonin which helps regulate sleep

88
Q

The Midbrain contains the

A

Superior and Inferior Colliculi

89
Q

The Superior and Inferior Colliculi Control

A

Movement of head towards stimuli and process hearing

90
Q

The pons contains respiratory centers and is involved in

A

Respiration and Sleep Regulation

91
Q
A
92
Q

The Medulla Oblongata helps control

A

Heart Rate, Respiration, Swallowing, Vomiting, and Blood Vessel Diameter

93
Q

The Limbic System

A

Processes Emotion

94
Q

The limbic system includes

A

Cingulate Gyrus

Parahippocampal Gyrus

Hippocampus

amygdaloid body

mamillary body

parts of the thalamus

Parts of the hypothalamus

95
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Clear Fluid that circulates inside and around the brain

96
Q

CSF Function

A

Shock Absorber

Contains Immune Cells

Helps to regulate cerebral blood flow

97
Q

CSF is produced by the

A

Choroid Plexus (Vascular Structure)

Circulates in ventricles and around outside of the brain

98
Q

There are ___ Ventricles in the brain

A

4

99
Q

The 4 Ventricles in the Brain are

A

2 Lateral Ventricles

3rd Ventricle

4th Ventricle

100
Q

The Lateral Ventricles connect to the third ventricle via

A

the interventricular foramen

101
Q

The Third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle via the

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

102
Q

The Covering of the brain is called the

A

Meninges (Membranes)

103
Q

There are 3 layers of Meninges

A

Dura Mater

Arachnoid Mater

Pia Mater

104
Q

Which meningeal membrane is directly on the brain?

A

Pia Mater

105
Q

The Space between the arachnoid and Pia mater is called

A

The Subarachnoid space

106
Q

The Subarachnoid space is filled with

A

CSF

107
Q

The Choroid plexus produces

A

CSF

108
Q

Arachnoid Granulations

A

Absorb CSF

109
Q

How much CSF is produced Daily?

A

About 500 mL

110
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Involved in language production and comprehension

111
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Involved in Speech Recognition

112
Q

A stroke in Broca’s area could result in

A

Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language (Speech) production

113
Q

Broca’s Area

A

a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production

114
Q

A Stroke in Wernicke’s area would result in

A

Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor.

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.

115
Q

The Inner Ear is enclosed within

A

The Cranial Bone

116
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

No Vibration Detection

Usually an issue with the Ossicles or the Choclea

117
Q

Sensory Deafness

A

A result of damage or underdevelopment of the hearing nerves

118
Q

Crossed-Extensor Reflex

A

a withdrawal reflex. When the reflex occurs the flexors in the withdrawing limb contract and the extensors relax, while in the other limb, the opposite occurs.

119
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Stretch receptors embedded in the connective tissue of the muscle and consist of specialized muscle fibers innervated by sensory neurons. They’re arrnaged parallel to the normal muscle cells (Extrafusal fibers)

120
Q

The Knee Jerk Reflex

A

An Ipsilateral monosynaptic Stretch Reflex.

Striking patellar Ligament stretches tendon and Quadriceps femoris

Spindle is stretched activating sensory neuron

Sensory neuron activates alpha motor neuron

Alpha Motoneuron stimulates extrafusal muscle fibers to contract

121
Q

Crossed- Extensor Reflex

A

Demonstrates Double Reciprocal Innervation

Flexor contracts and extensor relaxes to withdraw foot

Extensor contracts and flexor relaxes in contralateral leg to support weight

122
Q

Plantar Reflex

A

Elicited by cutaneous receptors of the foot. Big toe flexes downward while others flex and come together. Illustrates proper nerve conduction of pyramidal Motor Tracts

123
Q

Babinski’s Sign

A

When the Great toe extends (Upward) and the other toes fan laterally

Damage to the Pyramidal Motor Tracts will produce this sign

124
Q
A
125
Q

What are the 4 independent modalities of cutaneous sensations?

A

Warmth, Cold, Touch, and Pain

126
Q

Structure of Free Nerve Endings

A

Unmyelinated dendrites of sensory Neurons

127
Q

Sensation of Free Nerve Endings

A

Light touch; Hot; Cold; Nocioception (Pain)

128
Q

Nocioception

A

Pain

129
Q

Merkel’s Discs Structure

A

Expanded Dendritic Endings associated w/ 50-70 specialized cells

130
Q

Merkel’s Discs Sensation

A

Sustained touch and indented depth

131
Q

Location of Free Nerve Endings

A

Around Hair follicles: Throughout skin

132
Q

Merkel’s Disc Location

A

Base of epidermis (Stratum Basale)

133
Q

Ruffini Corpuscle (Endings) Structure

A

Enlarged Dendritic endings within open, elongated capsule

134
Q

Ruffini’s Corpuscle Sensation

A

Skin Stretch

135
Q

Ruffini Corpuscle Location

A

Deep in Dermis and Hypodermis

136
Q

Meisner’s Corpuscle Structure

A

Dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue

137
Q

Meisner’s Corpuscle Sensation

A

Changes in Texture (Slow Vibration)

138
Q

Meisner’s Corpuscle Location

A

Upper Dermis (Papillary Layer)

139
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles Structure

A

Dendrites encapsulated by concentric lamellae of connective tissue structures

140
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles Sensation

A

Deep Pressure; Fast Vibrations

141
Q
A
142
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle Location

A

Deep in Dermis

143
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

The Density of touch receptor in some parts of the body is greater than in other parts

They correspond to different regions of the body of different sizes

144
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Areas of the body which have the largest density of touch receptors also receive the greatest motor innervation

145
Q

Two-Point Threshold Test

A

The density of touch receptors is measured by this exam

The 2 points of a pair of adjustable calipers are simultaneously placed on the subject’s skin with equal pressure, and they are asked if the 2 separate points are felt. If they say no, they are brought closer together until they only feel one. The minimum distance is the 2 point threshold.

146
Q

Referred Pain

A

Due to damage in a visceral organ producing pain that is perceived at a different location towards the body surface.

147
Q

True or False: Organs have sensory Neurons

A

False: They do not, so referred pain is usually the result of an issue in the corresponding organ.

148
Q

Sensory information from the cutaneous receptors projects to the

A

Postcentral Gyrus

Direct electrical stimulation of the postcentral gyrus produces the same sensations as those felt when the cutaneous receptors are stimulated.

149
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Receptors respond strongly to acute changes in environment and then stop responding when those stimuli become constant.

150
Q

In ischemic heart disease, the reffered pain is in

A

The Left Pectoral region, left arm, and shoulder area (Angina Pectoris)

151
Q

A referred pain under the right scapula may be caused by a

A

Gallstone when the gallbladder contracts

152
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A

Located in the inner ear above the cochlea; consists of 3 semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule.

153
Q

Meneiere’s disease

A

Ringing of the ears or tinnitus; Vestibuar nystagmus is one of the symptoms; Occurs because the endolymph of the cochlea and the endolymph of the vestibular apparatus are continuous through a tiny canal.

154
Q

Vertigo may be accompanied by

A

Dizziness

155
Q
A

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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