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Human Physiology 2234 > Unit 3 Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 3 Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

ER of the Muscle Cells

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2
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of Muscle Cells

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3
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma Membrane of Muscle Cells

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4
Q

Thick Filaments are made of

A

Myosin (200-500 Molecules)

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5
Q

Thin Filaments are made of

A

Two intertwined strands of Actin

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6
Q

What covers the Actin filaments?

A

Tropomyosin

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7
Q

Elastic Filaments

A

Titin

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8
Q

What is the function of Titin?

A

Anchor each thick filament to the Z Disk

Prevent overstretching of the Sarcomere

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9
Q

What are the contractile Proteins in a Muscle fiber?

A

Myosin and Actin

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10
Q

What are the regulatory proteins in Muscle Fibers?

A

Tropomyosin and Troponin

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11
Q

What is the switch that starts and stops the shortening of Muscle fibers?

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

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12
Q

True or False: In order for muscle contraction to occur, Thin and Thick filaments must overlap

A

True

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13
Q

How do muscle cells shorten?

A

Because their individual sarcomeres shorten
Pulling Z discs closer together
Pulls on Sarcolemma

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14
Q

What is a motor Unit?

A

A Motor Neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

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15
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Functional connection between nerve fiver and muscle cells

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16
Q

What are the components of a Neuromuscular Junction?

A

Synaptic Knob filled with Ach
Junctional Folds (Increase Surface Area)
Synaptic Cleft
Basal Lamina

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17
Q

Pesticides are what type of Neuromuscular Toxin?

A

Cholinesterase Inhibitor

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18
Q

What type of Neuromuscular Toxin is Tetanus?

A

Spastic Paralysis caused by toxin of Clostridium bacteria

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19
Q

What is the function of Curare?

A

Faccid Paralysis (Limp Muscles) inhibits Ach and can cause Respiratory arrest

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20
Q

What four actions are involved in Muscle Relaxation and Contraction?

A

Excitation
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Contraction
Relaxation

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21
Q

Contraction

A

Power Stroke

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22
Q

Power Stroke

A

Myosin head releases ADP and Phosphate as it flexes pulling the thin filament past the thick filament.
When ATP binds again, myosin extends to attach to new active site

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23
Q

How is slippage prevented in the Power Stroke?

A

Half of the heads are bound to a thin filament at one time

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24
Q

True or False: Thin and Thick filaments get shorter as contraction occurs?

A

False: they do not get shorter, they just slide past each other (Sliding Filament Theory)

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25
Q

What occurs during Muscle Relaxation

A

Nerve stimulation ceases and Acetylcholinesterase removes Ach from receptors. Stimulation of the muscle cell ceases

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26
Q

What is the role of Acetylcholinesterase?

A

Removes Ach from receptors

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27
Q

True or False: ATP is not needed for Muscle Relaxation:

A

False: ATP is required for contraction AND Relaxation

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28
Q

True or False: ATP is not needed for Muscle Relaxation:

A

False: ATP is required for contraction AND Relaxation

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29
Q

Reabsorption of Calcium Ions by the Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Relaxation

30
Q

The Loss of Calcium from the Sarcoplasm moves the Troponin-Tropomyosin Complex over the active sites results in what?

A

Stops the production or maintenance of Tension

31
Q

In relaxation, the muscle fiber returns to its original resting length. Why?

A

Recoil of series-elastic components and contraction of antagonistic muscles

32
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Stiffening of the body beginning 3-4 hours after death

33
Q

Length-Tension Relationship

A

Overly contracted muscles
Too Stretched Muscles
Optimum Resting length

34
Q

Overly contracted muscles result in

A

Weak Contraction

35
Q

Too stretched muscles result in

A

Weak Contraction

36
Q

Optimum resting length in muscle contraction results in

A

Greatest force produced

37
Q

In the Latent period of a Twitch contraction, How long is the delay?

A

2 Milliseconds

38
Q

What are the Phases of a Twitch contraction?

A

Latent Period
Contraction Phase
Relaxation Phase

39
Q

Recruitment and Stimulus Intensity

A

Stimulating the whole nerve with higher and higher voltage produces stronger contractions

40
Q

What happens during recruitment?

A

More Motor Units are being

41
Q

What happens during recruitment?

A

More Motor Units are being recruited

42
Q

When multiple motor units are being recruited?

A

Multiple Motor Unit Summation

43
Q

Example of Multiple Motor Unit summation

A

Lift a glass of milk vs. Whole Gallon

44
Q

Incomplete Tetanus

A

Shaking muscles when being used (20-40 Stimuli/sec) Generates gradually more strength of Contraction

45
Q

Complete Tetanus

A

When the muscle is completely being used with no strength left to give. (40-50 Stimuli/sec)

46
Q

Complete Tetanus

A

When the muscle is completely being used with no strength left to give. (40-50 Stimuli/sec)

47
Q

Isometric Muscle Contraction

A

Muscle develops tension but does not shorten (No Movement)

48
Q

Concentric Isotonic Muscle Contraction

A

Muscle Shortens, Tension remains constant**Movement)

49
Q

Eccentric Isotonic Muscle Contraction

A

Muscle Lengthens while maintaining tension with Movement

50
Q

What is the difference between Isotonic and Isometric Muscle contraction?

A

Isometric involves no movement

Isotonic involves movement

51
Q

All Muscle contraction depends on

A

ATP

52
Q

What are the two pathways of ATP Synthesis?

A

Anaerobic Fermentation

Aerobic Respiration

53
Q

Anaerobic Fermentation

A

ATP Production is limited because without oxygen, the muscles produce Lactic Acid

54
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

More ATP is produced because it requires continuous O2 Supply and produces H2O and CO2

55
Q

In short, intense exercise, how is oxygen supplied?

A

By Myoglobin

56
Q

Phosphagen System

A

Results in enough power for 1 Minute brisk walk or 6 seconds of sprinting

57
Q

Phosphagen System

A

Results in enough power for 1 Minute brisk walk or 6 seconds of sprinting

58
Q

With Short-term energy needs, what occurs?

A

Glycogen-Lactic Acid system takes over

59
Q

How long does the Glycogen-Lactic Acid system work?

A

Produces ATP for 30-40 seconds of maximum activity

60
Q

How long does the Glycogen-Lactic Acid system work?

A

Produces ATP for 30-40 seconds of maximum activity

61
Q

For Long-Term energy needs, what is required?

A

Aerobic Respiration

62
Q

After 40 seconds of exercise, what is needed?

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular systems must deliver enough oxygen for aerobic respiration

63
Q

How are long-term energy limits set in muscles?

A

Depletion of glycogen and blood glucose, loss of fluid and electrolytes

64
Q

Fatigue

A

Progressive weakness from use

65
Q

You are presented with the following states. What is the result:
-ATP synthesis declines as glycogen is consumed
-sodium-potassium pumps fail to maintain membrane potential and excitability
-lactic acid inhibits enzyme function
accumulation of extracellular K+ hyperpolarizes the cell
-motor nerve fibers use up their acetylcholine

A

Fatigue

66
Q

Oxygen Debt

A

Heavy Breathing after strenuous exercise

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

67
Q

Slow Oxidative, Slow twitch fibers

A

More Mitochondria, Myoglobin, and capillaries
Adapted for aerobic respiration and resistant to fatigue
Soleus and postural Muscles of the back

68
Q

Fast Glycolytic, Fast Twitch fibers

A

Rich in enzymes for phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid systems
-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum releases calcium quickly so contractions are quicker

69
Q

what type of fibers are in white meat of chicken?

A

Slow-Twitch

70
Q

What type of fibers are in dark meat of chicken?

A

Fast-Twitch

71
Q

At what rate does the Sarcoplasmic reticulum release calcium in Fast-Twitch fibers?

A

7.5 milliseconds/twitch

72
Q

Examples (Muscles) of Fast-Twitch Fibers

A

Extraocular eye muscles, gastrocnemius, and Biceps Brachii

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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