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AP Psych > Unit 6 "Learning" > Flashcards

Unit 6 "Learning" Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the reaction to Psychodynamic theory through observable behavior? And who started it?
why do we study observable behavior?

A

Behaviorism
John B. Watson
because it can be tested

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2
Q

What’s the Psych term for “learning/teaching?

A

Conditioning

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3
Q

Explain “Observable Learning”? and what’s another term for it?

A 
It's learning through watching others, w/o prior knowledge/ experience 
Another term (Social learning)
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4
Q

A process of observing and imitating specific behaviors.

A

modeling

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5
Q

Who was Albert Bandura?

Explain ALL about him) (what did he criticize and why?

A

Albert Bandura created the Social learning theory.
Did the bobo doll experiment
he criticized behaviorism because it left out thinking.

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6
Q

Explain Social Learning Theory

A

We learn behaviors from watching/ imitating other people or from being rewarded or punished.

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7
Q

Explain Social Cognitive Theory

A

behavior is determined by a combo of our traits and situation

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8
Q

What are the 2 conditionings? and who mostly contributed/ created them?

A

Classical conditioning: Ivan Pavlov

Operant conditioning: Edward Thorndike & B.F Skinner

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9
Q

Explain Classical Conditioning.

What does it? contain and example

A

it’s an involuntary behavior caused by 2 stimuli being paired and causing 1 response.
(UC+ Neutral Stimulus = CS)
training [bell(CS)+ meat(UCS)+ salvation (CR)]= dog thinks there’s meat whenever there’s a bell (CR)

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10
Q

Explain the components needed in a Classical Conditioning

A

Conditioned= learned
Unconditioned= instinct
Neural Stimuli= bell no effect until pared with UC

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11
Q

it’s an initial stage of learning (start)

A

Acquisition

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12
Q

it’s the loss of the condition response

A

extinction

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13
Q

When the lost conditioned response comes back

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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14
Q

____ organism respond to one stimulus but not the other

A

Stimulus discrimination

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15
Q

____ organism respond w/ CR to a similar stimulus to the CS

A

Stimulus generalization

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16
Q

____ adding a CS by associating it w/ previously learned CS

A

Higher-order learning

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17
Q

Stop eating a certain food due to a bad past experience (getting sick)

A

Taste- Aversion (Garcia effect)

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18
Q

Explain Operant Conditioning.

Who first founded then who continued

A

A voluntary behavior that’s gonna is either strengthened or weakened based on the consequences.
Edward Thorndike, B.F Skinner

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19
Q

What did Edward Thorndike contribute? and explain

A

Law of effect: satisfying effect= do it again

dissatisfying effect = not do it again

20
Q

What experiment did B.F Skinner do?

A

He made an Operant Chamber (skinner box) and trapped the mouse and observed the responses when the mouse learns what’s gonna harm them.

21
Q

Reinforcement V.s Punishment

A

Reinforcement: behavior is strengthened due to good consequences
Punishment: behavior is weakened due to bad consequences

22
Q

Positive v.s Negative

A 
P= something is added
N= Something is removed
23
Q

Positive Reinforcement v.s Negative Reinforcement

A 
PR= behavior strengthened because something good is being added
NR= behavior strengthened because something bad is removed
24
Q

Positive Punishment v.s Negative Punishment

A

PP=behavior weakened because something bad is being added

NP= behavior weakened something good is removed

25
Q

____reinforcement is bit by bit to achieve the desired response

A

Shaping

26
Q

Primary reinforcers v.s Secondary Reinforcers

A 
P= Food/water
S= anything else we value
27
Q

What’s a type of reinforcement that reinforces you every time? What’s the good and bad?

A

Continuous Reinforcement
G= learn behavior fast
B= not realistic, because it’ll stop one day

28
Q

What’s a type of reinforcement that reinforces you sometimes? What’s the good?

A

Intermittent reinforcement

G= maintaining a behavior

29
Q

_____ means a long-lasting behavior

A

resistance to extinction (durable)

30
Q

4 components of intermittent reinforcement and definition?

A

Interval: based on time
Ratio: based on work
Fixed: always the same
Variable: change based on the situation

31
Q

Fixed Ratio & Variable Ratio

A

FR: reinforcement in a certain quantity
VR: Unpredictable reinforcement, but need to do work

32
Q

Fixed Interval & Variable Interval

A

FI: Reinforcement in a certain time
VI: Unpredictable reinforcement no matter what effort

33
Q

____ the belief that you control your own destiny/future

A

Internal locus of control

34
Q

____ the belief that everything is fated and you can’t do anything about it

A

External locus of control

35
Q

What are the 2 kinds of motivation? explain

A

Intrinsic Motivation: motivation comes within yourself

Extrinsic Motivation: motivation comes from external forces (influence parents, rewards)

36
Q

____ is retaining info w/o reinforcement or motivation. Who created this?

A

Latent Learning by Edward Tolman

37
Q

Image of the maze inside the rat’s head

A

Cognitive map

38
Q

What did Robert Rescorla contribute?

A

Predictive value

39
Q

____ is understanding immediately the problem/ sudden realization

A

Insight Learning

40
Q

____ trying various ways/ theories to reach the goal

A

Trial and error

41
Q

Every organism understand certain connection/ association because they make sense

A

Preparedness

42
Q

___learns association quicker if they go w/ instincts (only animals)

A

Instinctive Drift

43
Q

Giving up leads to a Lack of internal locus results in _____

A

Learned Helplessness

44
Q

Explain “Behavior modification”

A

Process of changing one’s behavior by using reinforcement and punishment.

45
Q

___- a stimulus that reveals a higher chance of something happening

A

discriminative stimulus

AP Psych (16 decks)

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