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BIOL 373 > unit 6 a and b > Flashcards

unit 6 a and b Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of digestion in the GI system

A

break macromolecules (nutrients) into forms that can be transported across epithelium

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2
Q

Definition of absorption in the GI system

A

transport nutrients, water, ions, vitamins across epithelium

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3
Q

Definition of secretion in the GI system

A

release of enzymes into gut lumen

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4
Q

Definition of motility in the GI system

A

keep the gut contents moving

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5
Q

Protection from pathogens mediated by…

A

(GAMED)
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Acid
Mucus
Epithelial barrier
Digestive enzymes

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6
Q

The three parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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7
Q

The four layers of the mucosal surface starting from the lumen outwards

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Smooth muscle layers
Serosa

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8
Q

The mucosa can be described as three layers….

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscilaris mucosa

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9
Q

The stomach has ______ muscles which contract in a _______ direction

A

oblique
diagonal

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10
Q

Plica are unlike rugae in that they _____________ when stretched

A

Do not disappear

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11
Q

Within the villus molecules that cross the epithelium can go into the _______ and go into the blood or go into the _______ and go into the lymphatics

A

Venous capillary bed
Lacteal

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12
Q

The three way the small intestine increases surface area from smallest to largest

A

Microvilli
Villi
plica

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13
Q

During/after meals the smooth muscle will have _________ and ________ contractions

A

Peristaltic
Segmental

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14
Q

Between meals ________ sweep slowly down the tract

A

Migrating motor complexes

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15
Q

Single unit smooth muscle act as one unit because they are ____________

A

Coupled by gap junctions

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16
Q

The force and duration of muscle contraction in the GI is caused mostly by the _________ of action potentials

A

frequency

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17
Q

The slow wave frequency is set by ‘pacemaker cells’ between _______ called the ___________

A

Circular and longitudinal muscle layers
Interstitial cells of cajal

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18
Q

Ions mostly travel via ___________

A

Membrane transporters

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19
Q

The lumen of the stomach has __________ and ______ on the apical side

A

HK-ATPase
Cl leak channels

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20
Q

The lumen of the stomach has _______ on the basolateral side which causes bicarbonate to be ______ the blood

A

Bicarb chlorine antiporters
absorbed into

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21
Q

Why does Na get attracted into the lumen of the small intestine?

A

Negative chlorine ions in the lumen attract the sodium by the paracellular pathway, water will also follow

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22
Q

The NKCC transporter is on the _____ side of the small intestine

A

Basolateral

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23
Q

In the small intestine chlorine enters the lumen via apical __________

A

CFTR channels

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24
Q

The NaK- ATPase is on the _______ which allows for ______ reabsorption

A

Basolateral
Sodium (Na)

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25
Q

Bicarb is secreted into the _________ which neutralizes the acid arriving from the ______

A

Duodenum
Stomach

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26
Q

______ cells of pancreas secrete enzymes, epithelial cells lining ducts (duct cells) secrete __________

A

Acinar
bicarb solution

27
Q

Lumen of small intestine bicarb secreted via __________ which is expressed on the _____ side

A

Cl-/HCO3- exchanger
Apical

28
Q

Lumen of small intestine has NKCC transporter on the _____ side

A

basolateral

29
Q

Cystic fibrosis is a mutation in gene that encodes ____________

A

CFTR channels

30
Q

Cystic fibrosis can lead to defects in _____ and ____ transport which will cause _______ mucus

A

Cl and water
Thicker

31
Q

The thick mucus caused by cystic fibrosis will lead to blockages of ________ ducts which causes exocrine secretions to not be realsed

A

Pancreatic ducts

32
Q

Enzymes can be released as zymogens (__________) to prevent __________

A

Inactive precursors
Auto-digestion

33
Q

Enzymes that are linked to microvilli can be called _____ _______ enzymes

A

Brush border

34
Q

Mucus is produced by _______ cells

A

Exocrine

35
Q

Name the exocrine cells in the salivary glands, stomach, and intestines respectively

A

Serous
Mucous
Goblet

36
Q

Cytokines from immune cells can be a signal for ________

A

Mucus secretion

37
Q

Fluid secreted by _______ cells is similar to ______. As it passes through _____, epithelial cells take back ___ and secrete ___ so that it resembles intracellular fluid

A

Acinar
ECF
Ducts
Na
K

38
Q

_______ must first pass through liver before reaching systemic circulation

A

Xenobiotics

39
Q

The three key components of bile

A

Bile salts
Bile pigments
Cholesterol

40
Q

Digestion occurs in the _____, _______, and ________

A

Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine

41
Q

Steps in absorption (6)

A

Lumen
Apical membrane
Epithelial cell
Basolateral membrane
Interstitium
Capillary/lymph

42
Q

Carbohydrates can only be absorbed __________

A

Via membrane transporters

43
Q

We only have membrane receptors for _____saccharides

A

mono

44
Q

Glucose enters with Na on an ______ and exits on _______

A

SGLT
GLUT2

45
Q

Fructose enters on ______ and exits on _____

A

GLUT5
GLUT2

46
Q

________ digests internal peptide bonds

A

endopeptidase

47
Q

Di and tri peptides cotransport with ____, amino acids cotransport with _____

A

H
Na

48
Q

Fat soluble vitamins (4)

A

A D E K

49
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

C and most Bs
Except B12

50
Q

The two substances for which interstitial absorption is regulated

A

Iron calcium

51
Q

Feedforward reflexes originate ____ the GI tract and include the _____ reflexes

A

Outside
Cephalic

52
Q

Neurons in _________ plexus regulate secretion, neurons in _______ plexus regulate motility

A

submucosal
myenteric

53
Q

The two short reflexes regulate _____ and ______

A

Secretion
Motility

54
Q

Short reflexes are integrated in the ____ nervous system

A

Enteric

55
Q

Long reflexes are integrated in _____, short reflexes integrated in _____

A

CNS
Gut

56
Q

Parallels between enteric and CNS

A

DING C
Diffusion barrier
Intrinsic neurons
Neurotransmitters
Glial support cells

Integrating center

57
Q

The three families of gut hormones

A

Gastrin
Secretin
Motilin

58
Q

3 steps of swallowing reflex

A

Tongue pushes bolus to the back of the mouth, triggering the reflex
breathing is inhibited
food moves down esophagus propelled by peristaltic waves and helped by gravity

59
Q

The swallowing reflex is integrated in the ______

A

Medulla

60
Q

If LES is not closed acid from the stomach can splash into lower esophagus, when this occurs during churning of the stomach it is called _______

A

GERD or heartburn

61
Q

The cephalic phase increases _____ and _______ in the _____, ______, and _______

A

Motility
Secretion
Stomach
Intestine
Accessory organs

62
Q

Cephalic phase of digestion is triggered by ________

A

Sight, smell, or sound of food

63
Q

The long vagal reflex is the ______ phase

A

Cephalic

64
Q

When food enter the stomach a series of _____ reflexes is triggered known as the _____ phase

A

Short
Gastric

BIOL 373 (12 decks)

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