unit 3b special senses Flashcards
olfactory receptor neurons are true ______ neurons, ______ every 60 days, are _______ receptors
bipolar
replaced
GPCR
the five basic tastes
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umami
What tastes are transduced by GPCRs
sweet, umami, bitter
taste travels from primary gustatory neurons to _____ then _____ then ______
medulla, thalamus, gustatory cortex
pathway for sound. (6)
sound,
tympanic membrane,
inner ear bones,
oval window,
vestibular duct (perilymph),
round window
perilymph similar to ____
endolymph similar to ______
plasma
intracellular fluid
the hair cells in the organ of corti are associated with the _______ membrane
tectorial
the longest stereocilium in a hair cell is called
kinocilium
In the _________ hypothesis, pitch is determined by _______ of activated hair cells
Place code
the location
In the _______ hypothesis, pitch is determined by the __________ of action potentials
temporal code
frequency
What is the main problem with the temporal code hypothesis of pitch? How is this problem explained?
neurons cannot transmit at the rate of the frequencies humans can hear
multiple neurons with staggered rates carry the code, pooling the response to be the frequency we hear
_____ is determined by the amplitude of the action potential
volume
the tree types of hearing loss
conductive
central
sensorineural
conductive hearing loss is caused by _________________ and is usually _________
issues with earwax or fluid in middle ear
temporary
central hearing loss is caused by _______________
damage to neural pathway between ear and brain or damage to cortex
sensorineural hearing loss is caused by __________
damages to structures of the inner ear
equilibrium is detected in the ________ and the ______
otolith organs
semicircular canals
The semicircular canals detect ________ acceleration
rotational
each semicircular canal has an associated ______ which contains hair cells grouped in _____
ampulla
cristae
like the hair cells in the ear are embedded in the _________, the hair cells in ampulla are embedded in a ______
tectorial membrane
cupula
the kinocilium within cristae are much _____ than those within the organ of corti
larger/ more defined
the two otolith organs within the ear are called the _______ and the ______ which contains hair cells grouped in ______
utricle
saccule
maculae
the gelatinous membrane that hair cells are embedded into in maculae is called the ________
otolith membrane
equilibrium information goes to the _______ and the ______ in the neural pathway
cerebellum
medulla
The __________ is the region where optic nerve and blood vessels leave the eye
optic disk
which order is the neural pathway for vision?
a. optic tract
b. optic nerve
c. visual cortex
d. thalamic relay
e. optic chiasm
b. optic nerve
e. optic chiasm
a. optic tract
d. thalamic relay
c. visual cortex
The integrating center for a pupilary light reflex is the ______
midbrain
The parasympathetic light reflect causes ______ and innervates _____ smooth muscles
constriction
circular
The sympathetic light reflect causes ______ and innervates _____ smooth muscles
dilation
radial
does the light reflex information always cross the midline?
no, there are two options to cross (chiasm and midbrain) and so sometimes the information is not on the opposite side
which cell mediates non-visual responses to light?
modified ganglion cells
why is the mammalian eye considered inverted?
The photoreceptors are farthest from the light source
which neuron in the eye defines the receptive field?
ganglion cell
what are three characteristics of the fovea?
- all cone photo receptors
- requires high levels of light
- less convergence
Light causes retinal to be in the _____ conformation and ____ affinity of opsin
trans
lose
in the dark cGMP levels are ____, channels are ___, membrane is _____
high
open
polarized (tonic)
in the light cGMP levels are _____, channels are _____, membrane is ______
low
closed
hyperpolarized
the color that a cone can recognize is based on ________, humans have _______ cone types
opsin concentration
three (red, blue, green)
