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BIOL 373 > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system regulates long-term functions such as ________, _______, _______, and _______

A

Growth
Metabolism
Regulation of internal environment
Reproduction

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2
Q

Hormones act on target cells by regulating ____, ______, _______

A

Enzyme activity
Ion transport across membrane
Gene expression

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3
Q

Hormones generated from within are called _______, hormones generated from outside are called _____

A

Endogenous
Exogenous

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4
Q

Endocrine hormones must travel to target cells through the ______

A

blood

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5
Q

Three ways to experiment with endocrinology

A

Lose (ablate)
Replace
Excess

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6
Q

What experiment proved that hormones were not connected to the neurological system?

A

Remove chicken testes and replace them

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7
Q

Classic hormones vs non-classic hormones

A

Classic
Secreted into blood, travel to distant targets, act at low concentrations
Non-classic
Not secreted by glands but neurons and immune cells
Act locally, diffusion through ECF
Hormones in one context but can also be secreted in CNS and act as neurotransmitters

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8
Q

There is an equilibrium between _____ and _____ hormones

A

Free
Bound

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9
Q

3 mechanisms to remove hormones from receptors

A

Hormones inactivated on their way through liver and kidney
Nonspecific protease break them down
Hormone-receptor complex internalized (endocytosis) by target cell

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10
Q

3 ways to classify hormones

A

Source
Mechanism of action
Chemistry

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11
Q

Three categories of chemistry of hormones

A

Peptied/proteins
Amine/ amino acids
steroid

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12
Q

Peptides are _______ and require __________ to sustain a response

A

Hydrophilic
Continuous release

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13
Q

Peptide hormone synthesis and secretion requires the cell to have lots of _______

A

Rough ER

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14
Q

The response of peptide hormones is typically ____

A

Rapid/fast

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15
Q

Amine hormones can come from either _______ or _______

A

Tryptophan
Tyrosine

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16
Q

Tryptophan amine hormones creates _______ from the ________

A

Melatonin
Pineal gland

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17
Q

Tyrosine amine hormones can create ________ which are ______ that act via membrane receptors

A

Catechol amines
Neurohormones

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18
Q

Tyrosine amine hormones can create ________ which are ______ and act via intracellular receptors

A

Thyroid hormones
Produced by epithelial cells

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19
Q

Steroid hormones are all derived from ______

A

Cholesterol

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20
Q

Steroids are made in the ______, ______, or ______

A

Adrenal cortex
Gonads
Placenta

21
Q

Modifications of cholesterol require _________

A

Side chain cleavage enzyme

22
Q

Steroidogenic cells (producing steroids) have large amounts of ______

A

Smooth ER

23
Q

Steroids are _______ and ____ stored

A

Lipophilic
Cannot be

24
Q

Steroid hormones are typically _________ to help them circulate

A

Bound to carrier protein or albumin

25
Q

Steroid receptor proteins are ___________________ that drive gene expression

A

Ligand activated transcription factors

26
Q

New proteins made by steroid receptors are typically ___________

A

Other transcription factors

27
Q

The pathway of a simple endocrine reflex (6)

A

Stimulus
Integrating center
Hormone
Target
Tissue response
Systemic response

28
Q

Adrenal medulla produces ______ by _______ cells

A

Epinephrine
Chromaffin

29
Q

The hypothalamus produces _____ in the ________ gland, both ______ and ______

A

Nurohormones
Pituitary
Posterior
Anterior

30
Q

The pituitary gland develops from the _________ under the floor of the ________

A

Rathke’s pouch
Third ventricle

31
Q

Neuro hypophysis is the ___________, neural
Adeno hypophysis is the _________, glandular

A

posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary

32
Q

synergism

A

combined effect is greater than the sum of individual effects

33
Q

permissiveness

A

hormone is required but is not enough for full effect

34
Q

antagonism

A

one substance opposes the action of another

35
Q

hypersecretion can occur due to _______ or _______

A

tumors of glands
issues with feedback regulation

36
Q

hyposecretion can occur due to _________ or ________

A

inability to produce hormone
side effects of exogenous hormones

37
Q

three ways that can cause an inability to produce hormone

A

mutations in genes that code for hormones or enzymes that produce the hormones
atrophy of gland due to disease
deficiency in iodine - can’t make thyroid hormones

38
Q

abnormal responsiveness of target tissues can be caused by _____ or _______

A

abnormally high hormone levels which then causes down regulation of target cells
mutations in receptor proteins

39
Q

Posterior pituitary gland creates neurohormone within the ________

A

Neuron cell body

40
Q

_____ containing neurohormone are stored in the ____

A

Vesicles
posterior pituitary

41
Q

Vasopressin is a ______

A

Neurohormone

42
Q

In the anterior pituitary gland the _______ synthesizing neurohormones release them into ________

A

Neurons
First capillary bed of portal system

43
Q

____ cells release _____ hormones into second set of capillaries, exit via _________

A

Endocrine
Peptide
Venous drainage

44
Q

The target organs of the anterior pituitary gland

A

My MOAT
MammarY glands

Muscles
Ovaries (and testes)
Adrenal cortex
thyroid

45
Q

The three tiers of hypothalamic pituitary axis

A

Hypothalamic hormones
Tropic hormones
Endocrine targets and the hormones they secrete

46
Q

TRH - ___-___-________

A

TSH
Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormones (T3, T4)

47
Q

_____-______-______-Cortisol

A

CRH
ACTH
Adrenal cortex

48
Q

_____-____/___-Endocrine cells of the gonads
-______

A

GnRH
FSH/LH
Androgens/estrogen/progesterone

BIOL 373 (12 decks)

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