unit 4 ab Flashcards
Diabetes Mellitus is ____
diabetes insipidus is _______
sweet
not sweet
The 6 functions of a kidney (broad terms)
regulate extracellular fluid and Blood pressure
regulate Ion balance
regulate plasma Osmolarity
regulate plasma pH
Endocrine functions
excretion of Waste
(BIO PEW)
The cortical nephron is located in ______ of the kidney
the cortex
the juxtamedullary nephron is located in _____ of the kidney
the dividing line of the cortex and medulla, mostly in the medulla
The bundle of capillaries within nephrons is called the ____
glomerulus
The loops of henle are _____ into the medulla for juxtamedullary nephrons than cortical nephrons
further
The “renal corpuscle” is composed of ________ and the ______ inside
bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
The tubular elements of the nephron (7)
bowman’s capsule
proximal tubule
descending limb
loop of henle
ascending limb
distal tubule
collecting duct
renal circulation begins with the artery. What are the next 5 steps into the vein?
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
venule
what makes the nephron circulation different from normal venous portal systems?
capillaries are joined by arterioles not by venules
definition of filtration in the kidneys
movement of water/solutes from blood (glomerular) into tubules
definition of reabsorption in the kidneys
movement of water/solutes from filtrates back into blood (peritubular capillaries)
definition of secretion in the kidneys
removing molecules from blood, adding them to filtrate
the loop of henle is for the purpose of ________
reabsorption: lumen into blood
how to calculate the amount of solute excreted
amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted = amount of solute excreted
F-R+S=E
(forsey lol)
filtrate is almost identical to plasma except
lacking most of the blood cells
in the proximal tubule ____ of fluid and solute is reabsorbed
70%
when fluid leaves the ascending loop of Henle it is _______ relative to plasma. At this point _____ of the original filtrate has been reabsorbed.
hypo-osmotic
90%
distal tubule / collecting duct is in control of _____ via ____ control
water/salt balance
endocrine
___% of the plasma moves out of glomerular capillaries into tubules. Called the ________
20%
filtration fraction
the cells wrapped around the glomerular are called _______
podocytes
the endothelium of glomerular capillaries are ______ meaning they have _______
fenestrated
large gaps between them
what substances cannot pass the endothelium of the glomerular?
cells
large proteins
the protein between pedicels of the glomerular are ______
nephrin
the protein within pedicels of the glomerular are ______
podocin
the starling forces for glomerular filtration?
Ph (blood pressure) - pi (colloid osmotic pressure) - P fluid (pressure of fluid in bowmans capsule) = net flitration 10 mm Hg
3 factors that influence glomerular filtration rate
net filtration pressure
surface area of capillaries
permeability of the interface
increasing the resistance of afferent arterioles will cause ______ in renal blood flow, ______ in blood pressure, and _____ in GFR
decrease
decrease
decrease
increasing the resistance of efferent arterioles will cause ______ in renal blood flow, ______ in blood pressure, and _____ in GFR
decrease
increase
increase
the three mechanisms of regulation for GFR
myogenic response
tubulo glomerular feedback
endocrine and autonomic control
myogenic response is caused by _______ of ________ which will vasoconstrict when bp is ____ and vasodilate when bp is ____
stretch
arterior smooth muscles
high
low
tubulo glomerular feedback is when the ________ detects too much _____ which causes _____ to be released and activate _______
macula densa
NaCl
paracrine factors
smooth muscle of afferent arteriole
autonomic control of GFR is via ____ innervation and under ____ conditions
sympathetic
extreme
endocrine and autonomic control of GFR have integrating centers _____ the kidney that can ______ controls
outside
override local
The _____ pathway is through cell-cell junctions
para-cellular
The _____ pathway is crossing the _____ and _____ membranes of cells
epithelial
apical
basolateral
Apical side is ____
Facing tubular lumen
Basolateral side is ____
Facing blood (capillaries)
Enac is expressed in the _____ side and moves sodium ____ the epithelial cells
Apical
Into
NaK ATPase is expressed in the ____ side and moves sodium ____ the epithelial cells
Basolateral
Out of
Potassium exits the epithelial cells of the nephron via ______
Potassium leak channels
SGLT is a ______ and is on the ____ side
Na glucose cotransporter
Apical
SGLT is on the _______ side, _______ is on the basolateral side
Apical
GLUT
GLUT is a _______ and works by ____ and goes ____the gradient
Glucose transporter protein
Facilitated diffusion
With
Urea is has similar characteristics to ______ which allows for easy transport
water
___ of filtered urea is reabsorbed in the proximal tube
40%
The movement of urea in the nephrons is _____
passive
The peritubular capillaries have _____ hydrostatic pressure which results in net ______ of interstitial fluid
Lower
Reabsorption
Kidney is a major route of _____ for ____ proteins
Elimination
Small
Proteins smaller than ____ kDa are filtered at the glomerulus
50
Proteins and complex peptides exit the tubules by going through ____ in the epithelium and ____ are secreted into the interstitial fluid
Endocytosis
Amino acids
Linear peptides exit the tubules by interacting with ____ that ___ and are secreted into interstitial fluid
brush boarders
Digest into amino acids
Renal threshold is the _________ at which _______ occurs
Plasma concentration of substance
Maximum transport (tm )
Excretion of a substance occurs when ______ occurs
renal threshold
Reabsorption reaches plateau at ______
Maximum transport rate
secretion of protein occurs when they bind to receptor and undergoes ________ and either degrades it into amino acids or transports via exocytosis into ____
receptor mediated endocytosis
the tubule
OAT transporters are on the ________ side
Apical or basolateral
Apical OAT transporters bring in ____ and remove _____ from the epithelial cells
Dicarboxylate anion
Organic anions
Basolateral OAT transporter bring in ____ and remove ____ from the epithelial cells
Organic anions
dicarboxylate anion
Composition of urine vs original filtrate (3 things)
Glucose, amino acids, other metabolites gone
Proteins mostly gone
Waste products much more concentrated
clearance equals
excretion rate of X (mg/min) / concentration of X in plasma (mg/ml)
inulin clearance is the same as _____
GFR
All the inulin is filtered at the _____ ends up being _____
glomerulus
excreted
creatinine is filtered, some ______ none ______
secreted
reabsorbed
with ____, ____, and _____, we can determine how the kidney handles any solute
GFR
plasma concentration
excretion rate
to determine net movement compare ____ and ____ rates
filtration
excretion
normal GFR is ______ ml/min
100-125
filtration rate is ______ x ______
concentration in plasma
GFR
urination is also known as ______
Micturition
micturition is a ________ subject to both ________ and _____ control from the _____
spinal reflex
conscious
unconscious
CNS
steps of micturition (3)
stretch receptors activate and synapse in the spinal cord
activate parasympathetic neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder
inhibit the tonic activation of the motor neurons that keep the sphincter closed (somatic)
