unit 4 cd Flashcards
Increase in blood pressure leads to _______ reflexes that ________
Cardiovascular
Lower blood pressure
Drinking water can cause an ________ in ECF volume and in turn increase ________
Increase
blood pressure
Sodium is regulated by the hormone _______
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is produced in the ______
Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone acts via ___________ which create new _______ or proteins that ________
Intracellular receptors
pumps/channels
Modulate existing pumps/channels
Aldosterone promotes cellular Na _______ and potassium _____ on the apical side
Import
export
The two stimuli for aldosterone release
Increased potassium concentration
Low blood pressure
Renin is from the ________ cells in the ______ of the nephrons
Granular
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
The RAS system is activated in response to _________
Low blood pressure
The three stimuli of renin release
Granular cells that monitor bp
Sympathetic pathways of cardio control that terminate on granular cells
Paracrine factors from macula densa cells, decreased flow rate increased renin rate
What are three ways that you can treat hypertension?
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers (antagonists)
Direct renin inhibitors
The hormone that promotes loss of sodium
Natriuresis
The hormone that promotes loss of water
Diuresis
ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide) is produced in _______ and released when cells are _________
Specialized myocardial cells
Stretched more than normal
______osmolarity inhibits aldosterone
hyper
Abnormal pH affects the ______ system
Nervous
pH disturbances are often associated with _______ disturbances
Potassium
Acid input from ________ and _________
Diet
Metabolism
Acid output from ______ and ______
Ventilation
Renal
Acid buffers are _____, _____, and ______
HCO3
Proteins in cells (hemoglobin)
Phosphates (ammonia in urine)
Kindey involved in the homeostasis of which 7 ions in the body?
Na, Cl, K, H, Ca, HPO4, HCO3
Elimination also occurs by ____, _____, and _____
Sweat feces lungs
How do you replace lost water within the body?
Drinking water is the only way to replace
Easier to deal with ___ pressure emergencies
low
Insensible (hard to measure) water loss is from the ______
Lungs and skin
If volume of water falls too low then _______ stops
GFR
“body emergency”
On the descending side of the loop of Henle only ____ is reabsorbed and in the ascending side only ____ is reabsorbed
Water, ions
Within the distal tubule permeability is regulated by _____
Hormones
As you go deeper into the medulla of the kidney osmolarity (saltiness) _____
increases
to produce dilute urine:
to concentrate urine:
reabsorb solute without letting water follow
reabsorb water but leave solute in tubules
Water can move across cells in two ways, by ________ lipid bilayer or by ___________
Leaking through
Traveling through aquaporins (water channels)
who discovered aquaporins?
Peter agre
Who discovered NaK channels?
Roderick MacKinnon
To produce dilute urine ___________ of aquaporins
Reduce expression
To produce concentrated urine _____ of aquaporins and make epithelial cells _______salty than _______
Increase expression
more
tubular fluid
The regulatory hormone in the distal nephron is known by two names ______ and ______
ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
AVP (arginine vaso pressin)
Maximal vasopressin causes _______ urine
Concentrated
Vassopressin causes ______ expression of _______
Increased
Aquaporrins
Vasopressin binds to ____ receptor on the _____ side to activate _____ which pushes _____ to the _____ side of the collecting duct epithelial cells
GPCR
basolateral
cAMP
Aquaporin water pores
apical
Vassopressin arrives to the kidney via the _____ and is produced by _________ and released in the ________
Blood stream
Large neurons in the hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary
In a hypertonic environment the _______ will _____ its firing rate from tonic firing due to the cell ______
Osmoreceptor
Increase
Shrinking
Why would osmoreceptors be considered “opposite” mechanoreceptor instead of regular mechanoreceptors?
Increase firing rate caused by SHRINKING not stretching
The two signs that peripheral osmoreceptors exist
Water intake satiates thirst before ECF hyperosmolarity is fully corrected
Water loading lowers VP release before plasma osmolarity decreases
Peripheral osmoreceptors induce _________ response
Anticipatory
Central osmoreceptors are ______ the blood brain barrier and have ______ capillaries
Outside
Very permeable
Central osmoreceptors are in the _________ organs, the _______ and the ________ organ, and in the ________ within the hypothalamus
Curcumventricular organs
OVLT
Subfornical
Supraoptic nucleus
During the night, concentrations of ______ will _______ to prevent bed wetting. As a result urine osmolarity _______
AVP
Increase
increases
Ascending limb of the loop of Henle pumps ________________ and the filtrate becomes ___________
Out Na K and Cl
Hypoosmotic
Descending limb is highly permeable to _____ due to high expression of ________ that are not hormone regulated
Water
Aquapores
The contercurrent multiplier in the kidneys is the interaction between the _________ and the ______
tubules of the loop of henle
Vasa recta
The thick ascending limb has these 3 features
Apical side not permeable to water
NKCC symporter on apical membrane
K and Cl cotransporter on basolateral side
