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BIOL 373 > unit 4 cd > Flashcards

unit 4 cd Flashcards

1
Q

Increase in blood pressure leads to _______ reflexes that ________

A

Cardiovascular
Lower blood pressure

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2
Q

Drinking water can cause an ________ in ECF volume and in turn increase ________

A

Increase
blood pressure

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3
Q

Sodium is regulated by the hormone _______

A

Aldosterone

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4
Q

Aldosterone is produced in the ______

A

Adrenal cortex

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5
Q

Aldosterone acts via ___________ which create new _______ or proteins that ________

A

Intracellular receptors
pumps/channels
Modulate existing pumps/channels

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6
Q

Aldosterone promotes cellular Na _______ and potassium _____ on the apical side

A

Import
export

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7
Q

The two stimuli for aldosterone release

A

Increased potassium concentration
Low blood pressure

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8
Q

Renin is from the ________ cells in the ______ of the nephrons

A

Granular
Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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9
Q

The RAS system is activated in response to _________

A

Low blood pressure

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10
Q

The three stimuli of renin release

A

Granular cells that monitor bp
Sympathetic pathways of cardio control that terminate on granular cells
Paracrine factors from macula densa cells, decreased flow rate increased renin rate

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11
Q

What are three ways that you can treat hypertension?

A

ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers (antagonists)
Direct renin inhibitors

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12
Q

The hormone that promotes loss of sodium

A

Natriuresis

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13
Q

The hormone that promotes loss of water

A

Diuresis

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14
Q

ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide) is produced in _______ and released when cells are _________

A

Specialized myocardial cells
Stretched more than normal

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15
Q

______osmolarity inhibits aldosterone

A

hyper

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16
Q

Abnormal pH affects the ______ system

A

Nervous

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17
Q

pH disturbances are often associated with _______ disturbances

A

Potassium

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18
Q

Acid input from ________ and _________

A

Diet
Metabolism

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19
Q

Acid output from ______ and ______

A

Ventilation
Renal

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20
Q

Acid buffers are _____, _____, and ______

A

HCO3
Proteins in cells (hemoglobin)
Phosphates (ammonia in urine)

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21
Q

Kindey involved in the homeostasis of which 7 ions in the body?

A

Na, Cl, K, H, Ca, HPO4, HCO3

22
Q

Elimination also occurs by ____, _____, and _____

A

Sweat feces lungs

23
Q

How do you replace lost water within the body?

A

Drinking water is the only way to replace

24
Q

Easier to deal with ___ pressure emergencies

A

low

25
Q

Insensible (hard to measure) water loss is from the ______

A

Lungs and skin

26
Q

If volume of water falls too low then _______ stops

A

GFR
“body emergency”

27
Q

On the descending side of the loop of Henle only ____ is reabsorbed and in the ascending side only ____ is reabsorbed

A

Water, ions

28
Q

Within the distal tubule permeability is regulated by _____

A

Hormones

29
Q

As you go deeper into the medulla of the kidney osmolarity (saltiness) _____

A

increases

30
Q

to produce dilute urine:

to concentrate urine:

A

reabsorb solute without letting water follow
reabsorb water but leave solute in tubules

31
Q

Water can move across cells in two ways, by ________ lipid bilayer or by ___________

A

Leaking through
Traveling through aquaporins (water channels)

32
Q

who discovered aquaporins?

A

Peter agre

33
Q

Who discovered NaK channels?

A

Roderick MacKinnon

34
Q

To produce dilute urine ___________ of aquaporins

A

Reduce expression

35
Q

To produce concentrated urine _____ of aquaporins and make epithelial cells _______salty than _______

A

Increase expression
more
tubular fluid

36
Q

The regulatory hormone in the distal nephron is known by two names ______ and ______

A

ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
AVP (arginine vaso pressin)

37
Q

Maximal vasopressin causes _______ urine

A

Concentrated

38
Q

Vassopressin causes ______ expression of _______

A

Increased
Aquaporrins

39
Q

Vasopressin binds to ____ receptor on the _____ side to activate _____ which pushes _____ to the _____ side of the collecting duct epithelial cells

A

GPCR
basolateral
cAMP
Aquaporin water pores
apical

40
Q

Vassopressin arrives to the kidney via the _____ and is produced by _________ and released in the ________

A

Blood stream
Large neurons in the hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary

41
Q

In a hypertonic environment the _______ will _____ its firing rate from tonic firing due to the cell ______

A

Osmoreceptor
Increase
Shrinking

42
Q

Why would osmoreceptors be considered “opposite” mechanoreceptor instead of regular mechanoreceptors?

A

Increase firing rate caused by SHRINKING not stretching

43
Q

The two signs that peripheral osmoreceptors exist

A

Water intake satiates thirst before ECF hyperosmolarity is fully corrected
Water loading lowers VP release before plasma osmolarity decreases

44
Q

Peripheral osmoreceptors induce _________ response

A

Anticipatory

45
Q

Central osmoreceptors are ______ the blood brain barrier and have ______ capillaries

A

Outside
Very permeable

46
Q

Central osmoreceptors are in the _________ organs, the _______ and the ________ organ, and in the ________ within the hypothalamus

A

Curcumventricular organs
OVLT
Subfornical
Supraoptic nucleus

47
Q

During the night, concentrations of ______ will _______ to prevent bed wetting. As a result urine osmolarity _______

A

AVP
Increase
increases

48
Q

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle pumps ________________ and the filtrate becomes ___________

A

Out Na K and Cl
Hypoosmotic

49
Q

Descending limb is highly permeable to _____ due to high expression of ________ that are not hormone regulated

A

Water
Aquapores

50
Q

The contercurrent multiplier in the kidneys is the interaction between the _________ and the ______

A

tubules of the loop of henle
Vasa recta

51
Q

The thick ascending limb has these 3 features

A

Apical side not permeable to water
NKCC symporter on apical membrane
K and Cl cotransporter on basolateral side

BIOL 373 (12 decks)

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