unit 2 CNS Flashcards

1
Q

at 4 weeks the human brain is made of 4 regions, what are they?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord

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2
Q

the forebrain is differentiated into these two regions

A

cerebrum, dienchephalon

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3
Q

the hindbrain is differentiated into these 3 regions

A

Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons

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4
Q

Name the three layers of meninges from innermost to outermost

A

Pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura matter

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5
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

In the coroid plexuses found within each of the 4 ventricals

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6
Q

How does CSF get into the subarachnoid space?

A

through apertures in the 4th ventrical

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7
Q

how does CSF escape the subarachnoid space?

A

through arachnoid villi that protrude into the dural sinus

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8
Q

what are two defining characteristics of CSF when compared to plasma?

A

CSF has very low protein and no blood cells

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9
Q

The presence of blood or protein in CSF indicates what?

A

infection

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10
Q

what creates the myelin sheath within the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

________ wrap around capillaries and secrete paracrine factors that promote tight junctions within the CNS

A

astrocytes

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12
Q

Dural sinus is also called s_________ sinus

A

superior sagittal sinus

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13
Q

three metabolic quirks of neural tissues

A
  1. require a lot of oxygen
  2. require a lot of glucose
  3. require a lot of blood
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14
Q

the four sections of the spinal nerves

A

cervical, thoratic, lumbar, sacral

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15
Q

the sympathetic nerves on the spinal cord are located in a section for the spine called the _____

A

thoraco-lumbar division

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16
Q

definition of nuclei in the CNS

A

cluster of synapses

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17
Q

definition of tracts in the cns

A

bundle of axons

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18
Q

dorsal column transmit information about ________ towards the _______

A

touch, pressure, proprioception
brain

19
Q

the spinothalamic tract transmits information about _____

A

pain and temperature

20
Q

corticospinal tracts transmit information about ________

A

voluntary movement

21
Q

the lateral corticospinal tract control the _____
the ventromedial corticospinal tract control the ______

A

limbs
trunk muscles

22
Q

The midbrain is responsible for____

A

eye movement, visual and auditory reflexes

23
Q

Pons are responsible for ____

A

relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum

24
Q

medulla is responsible for _____

A

control of many involuntary functions, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing

25
Q

medulla is the site of _____ for most neurons in the spinal tract

A

decussation (crossing over)

26
Q

the cerebellum coordinates _____

A

movement

27
Q

diencephalon has four structures

A

thalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

28
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

relays and integrates sensory information

29
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

center for homeostasis
hunger, thirst, autonomic responses, endocrine systems

30
Q

what does the pineal gland do?

A

secretes melatonin, involved in circadian rhythms

31
Q

the four lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal

32
Q

the three regions of cerebral grey matter

A

basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex

33
Q

primary motor cortex is located ____

A

in the frontal lobe, ridge just anterior to central sulcus

34
Q

primary somatosensory cortex is located ________

A

in the parietal lobe, ridge just posterior to the central sulcus

35
Q

dorsal columns in the spinal cord carry information about _____

A

touch, pressure, proprioception

36
Q

spinocerebellar tract carry information about _____

A

propriocenption (posture, coordination)

37
Q

spinothalamic tract carry information about ____

A

pain and temp

38
Q

corticospinal tract carry information about ____

A

voluntary movement

39
Q

the lateral corticospinal tracts control the ____

A

limbs

40
Q

a signal controlling the limbs will ____ in the medulla, follow the _____ corticospinal tract, and _____ in spinal grey matter

A

cross, lateral, not cross

41
Q

a signal controlling the trunk will ____ in the medulla, follow the _____ corticospinal tract, and _____ in spinal grey matter

A

not cross, anterior, cross

42
Q

5 steps of a spinal reflex

A
  1. painful stimulus activates receptor
  2. primary sensory neuron enters spinal cord
  3. collateral activates ascending pathway for sensation (cc to brain)
  4. withdrawal reflex
  5. crossed extensor reflex
43
Q

_____ substances require a channel to cross the blood brain barrier

A

hydrophilic / lipophobic