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Flying – Knowledge Test > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoxia

A

oxygen deficiency

impairs functions of the brain & body

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2
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia

A

insufficient oxygen to body as a whole (ie. high altitudes)

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3
Q

Anemic hypoxia

A

deficiency in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

(carbon monoxide)

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4
Q

Stagnant hypoxia

A

oxygen-rich blood in the lungs in not moving

(shock or Gs)

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5
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

inability of cells to effectively use oxygen

(alcohol/drugs)

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6
Q

How should you respond to hypoxia? What should you do?

A
  • lower altitude
  • use supplemental oxygen
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7
Q

What are the effects of hypoxia?

A

tunnel vision, unconsciousness, blue color in fingernails & lips

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8
Q

Hyperventilation

A

abnormal increase in volume of air breather in/out lungs

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9
Q

What is the result of hyperventalation?

A

too much oxygen retained in your body

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperventalation?

A

Early symptoms of hypoxia & hyperventilation are similar

(drowsiness, feeling of suffocation, tingliness)

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11
Q

How to overcome hyperventalation?

A

slow breathing rate
breath into a bag
talk aloud

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12
Q

Spatial disorientation

A

not knowing whether you are going up/down/turning

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13
Q

How to prevent spatial disorientation?

A

trust instrument indications over body signals

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14
Q

Somatosensory system

A

muscles, joints, nerves in skin, hearing

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15
Q

Vestibular system

A

organs in the inner ear (sense by position)

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16
Q

Visual system

A

eyes sense position

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17
Q

Vestibular illusions

The leans

A

illusion of banking in the opposite direction

(abrupt correction of banked attitude)

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18
Q

Vestibular illusions

Coriolis illusion

A

illusion of rotation of movement in an entirely different axis

(abrupt head movement in a constant-rate turn)

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19
Q

Vestibular illusions

Graveyard spin

A

illusion of spinning in the opposite direction

(recovery from a spin that has ceased)

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20
Q

Vestibular illusions

Graveyard spiral

A

illusion of being in a descent with the wings level

(observed loss of altitude during a constant-rate turn has ceased)

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21
Q

Vestibular illusions

Somatogravic illusion

A

illusion of being in a nose-up attitude

(rapid acceleration during takeoff)

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22
Q

Vestibular illusions

Inversion illusion

A

illusion of tumbling backward

(abrupt change from climb to straight-level flight)

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23
Q

Vestibular illusions

Elevator illusion

A

illusion of climbing

(abrupt upward vertical acceleration caused by an updraft)

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24
Q

Visual Illusions

False horizon

A

illusion of not being aligned correctly with the actual horizon

(sloping cloud formation, dark scene with ground lights, geometric patterns)

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25
Q

Visual Illusions

Autokinesis

A

static light will appear to move when stared at for several seconds in the dark

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26
Q

Visual Illusions

Size-distance illusion

A

stare at a point of light, it will appear to approach/recede rapidly

(change in the intensity of light)

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27
Q

Visual Illusions

Reversible perspective

A

aircraft may appear to be going away from you when it is actually approaching you at night

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28
Q

Visual Illusions

Flicker vertigo

A

flickering light constant frequency of 4-20x/sec may cause dizziness, nausea…

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29
Q

Landing Error Illusions

Runway width illusion

A

narrower-than-usual runway creates illusion that aircraft is at higher altitude than it actually is

(wider can cause opposite effect)

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30
Q

Landing Error Illusions

Runway & terrain slopes illusion

A

upsloping runway creates illusion that aircraft is at higher altitude than it actually is

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31
Q

Landing Error Illusions

Featureless terrain illusion

A

absence of ground features creates illusion that the aircraft is at higher altitude than it actually is

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32
Q

Landing Error Illusions

Atmospheric illusions

A

rain on windscreen can create illusion of greater height & atmospheric haze

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33
Q

Landing Error Illusions

Ground lighting illusions

A

lights along straight path (road) can be mistaken for runway approach lights

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of light-sensitive nerve endings located at the back of the retina? What do they do?

A

Cones & Rods

Transmit messages to the brain via the optic nerve

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35
Q

Cones

A

detect color, details, distant objects (day)

(outer retina)

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36
Q

Rods

A

detect objects, particularly those in motion, gray, peripheral (day & night)

(around the cones)

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37
Q

Fovea

A

where you vision is the sharpest

(small area directly behind retina)

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38
Q

Normal field of vision vs. fovea field of vision

A

Normal field of vision for each eye: 135º vertically, 160º horizontally

Fovea field of vision: 1º

39
Q

How should you look at objects in daylight?

A

look directly at them

40
Q

How should you look at objects in night?

A

off-center viewing

41
Q

off-center viewing

A

looking side of an object & scan slowly

42
Q

How can you adapt to night flying?

A

Avoid bright white lights at least 30min before night flying

43
Q

What is the first part of body to suffer from low oxygen at high altitude?

A

eyes

44
Q

Carbon monoxide (CO)

A

Colorless, odorless gas produced by all combustion engines

45
Q

How can carbon monoxide enter the cabin?

A

Enter cabin through heater & defrost vents

46
Q

What should you do if you detect carbon monoxide in the cabin?

A
  • Turn off heater
  • Open air vents/window
  • Set supplemental oxygen to 100%
47
Q

When is carbon monoxide at greatest danger?

A

winter months

(cabin heating & closed outside air vents)

48
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning symptoms?

A

Sluggishness, being too warm → headache, ringing in ears → dizziness, vision dimming → vomiting, coma…

49
Q

Acceptable risk

A

identified risk that is allowed to persist without further action

50
Q

Aeronautical decision making (ADM)

A

systematic approach to determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances

51
Q

Attitude

A

personal predisposition to respond to persons

52
Q

Automation management

A

ability to control & navigate aircraft by correctly managing its automated system

53
Q

Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)

A

accident with airworthy aircraft under pilot control inadvertently flying into water, obstacle, or terrain

54
Q

DECIDE model:

A

Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaltuae

55
Q

Personality

A

personal traits & characteristics of an individual which are extremely resistant to change

56
Q

Poor judgment (PJ) chain

A

one bad decision often leads to another

57
Q

Risk

A

future impact of a hazard that is not eliminated

58
Q

Single-pilot resource management (SRM)

A

ability of a pilot to manage all resources effectively to ensure successful flight

59
Q

Situational awareness

A

knowledge of where the aircraft is (location)

60
Q

Risk management

A

proactively identify safety-related hazards & mitigate risks

61
Q

5 Bad attitudes

A

antiauthority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, resignation

62
Q

Hazardous Attitude & Antidote

Antiauthority

A

Hazardous Attitude: don’t tell me

Antidote: Follow the rules. They are usually right.

63
Q

Hazardous Attitude & Antidote

Impulsivity

A

Hazardous Attitude: Do something quickly.

Antidote: Not so fast. Think first.

64
Q

Hazardous Attitude & Antidote

Invulnerability

A

Hazardous Attitude: It won’t happen to me.

Antidote: It could happen to me.

65
Q

Hazardous Attitude & Antidote

Macho

A

Hazardous Attitude: I can do it.

Antidote: Taking changes is foolish.

66
Q

Hazardous Attitude & Antidote

Resignation

A

Hazardous Attitude: What’s the use.

Antidote: I’m not helpless. I can make a difference.

67
Q

Weather general rules

A
  • Check current weather & forecast conditions throughout all flight
  • Do not fly in/near thunderstorms
  • Do not continue VFR in IFR conditions
  • Do not proceed on top of a ceiling hoping to find a hole on the other end
68
Q

A pilot making a blood donation in order to help a sick associate should be aware that for several weeks

A

A pilot making a blood donation in order to help a sick associate should be aware that for several week

69
Q

Pilots are more subject to spatial disorientation if:

A

body signals are used to interpret flight attitude.

70
Q

Susceptibility to carbon monoxide poisoning increases as

A

altitude increases

71
Q

What is it often called when a pilot pushes his or her capabilities and the aircraft’s limits by trying to maintain visual contact with the terrain in low visibility and ceiling?

A

scud running

72
Q

Anemic (hypemic) hypoxia has the same symptoms as hypoxic hypoxia, but it is most often a result of a

A

a leaking exhaust manifold.

73
Q

What is it often called when a pilot pushes his or her capabilities and the aircraft’s limits by trying to maintain visual contact with the terrain in low visibility and ceiling?

A

scud running

74
Q

What effect does haze have on the ability to see traffic or terrain features during flight?

A

All traffic or terrain features appear to be farther away than their actual distance.

75
Q

Altitude-induced hypoxia is caused by what atmospheric condition?

A

Insufficient partial pressure of the inhaled oxygen.

76
Q

A pilot making a blood donation in order to help a sick associate should be aware that for several weeks

A

sufficient oxygen may not reach the cells in the body.

77
Q

Which is a common symptom of hyperventilation?

A

Tingling sensations.

78
Q

Which would most likely result in hyperventilation?

A

Emotional tension, anxiety, or fear.

79
Q

Anemic (hypemic) hypoxia has the same symptoms as hypoxic hypoxia, but it is most often a result of

A

a leaking exhaust manifold.

80
Q

A pilot can expect a wind-shear zone in a temperature inversion whenever the wind speed at 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the surface is at least

A

25 kt

81
Q

What are the processes by which moisture is added to unsaturated air?

A

Evaporation and sublimation.

82
Q

How does frost affect the lifting surfaces of an airplane on takeoff?

A

Frost may prevent the airplane from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed.

83
Q

Cumulus clouds often indicate

A

possible turbulence.

84
Q

What would decrease the stability of an air mass?

A

warming from below

85
Q

The mature stage of a thunderstorm begins with

A

the start of precipitation.

86
Q

What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?

A

A stable layer of air.

87
Q

When may hazardous wind shear be expected?

A

In areas of low-level temperature inversion, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence.

88
Q

In which environment is aircraft structural ice most likely to have the highest accumulation rate?

A

Freezing rain.

89
Q

Clouds with extensive vertical development over mountainous terrain are a sign of

A

.an unstable air mass.

90
Q

Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?

A

Smooth air, poor visibility, fog, haze, or low clouds.

91
Q

If an unstable air mass is forced upward, what type clouds can be expected?

A

Clouds with considerable vertical development and associated turbulence.

92
Q

When may hazardous wind shear be expected?

A

In areas of low-level temperature inversion, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence.

93
Q

What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?

A

A stable layer of air.

Flying – Knowledge Test (13 decks)

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