Unit 6 Flashcards
Hypoxia
oxygen deficiency
impairs functions of the brain & body
Hypoxic hypoxia
insufficient oxygen to body as a whole (ie. high altitudes)
Anemic hypoxia
deficiency in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
(carbon monoxide)
Stagnant hypoxia
oxygen-rich blood in the lungs in not moving
(shock or Gs)
Histotoxic hypoxia
inability of cells to effectively use oxygen
(alcohol/drugs)
How should you respond to hypoxia? What should you do?
- lower altitude
- use supplemental oxygen
What are the effects of hypoxia?
tunnel vision, unconsciousness, blue color in fingernails & lips
Hyperventilation
abnormal increase in volume of air breather in/out lungs
What is the result of hyperventalation?
too much oxygen retained in your body
What are the symptoms of hyperventalation?
Early symptoms of hypoxia & hyperventilation are similar
(drowsiness, feeling of suffocation, tingliness)
How to overcome hyperventalation?
slow breathing rate
breath into a bag
talk aloud
Spatial disorientation
not knowing whether you are going up/down/turning
How to prevent spatial disorientation?
trust instrument indications over body signals
Somatosensory system
muscles, joints, nerves in skin, hearing
Vestibular system
organs in the inner ear (sense by position)
Visual system
eyes sense position
Vestibular illusions
The leans
illusion of banking in the opposite direction
(abrupt correction of banked attitude)
Vestibular illusions
Coriolis illusion
illusion of rotation of movement in an entirely different axis
(abrupt head movement in a constant-rate turn)
Vestibular illusions
Graveyard spin
illusion of spinning in the opposite direction
(recovery from a spin that has ceased)
Vestibular illusions
Graveyard spiral
illusion of being in a descent with the wings level
(observed loss of altitude during a constant-rate turn has ceased)
Vestibular illusions
Somatogravic illusion
illusion of being in a nose-up attitude
(rapid acceleration during takeoff)
Vestibular illusions
Inversion illusion
illusion of tumbling backward
(abrupt change from climb to straight-level flight)
Vestibular illusions
Elevator illusion
illusion of climbing
(abrupt upward vertical acceleration caused by an updraft)
Visual Illusions
False horizon
illusion of not being aligned correctly with the actual horizon
(sloping cloud formation, dark scene with ground lights, geometric patterns)
Visual Illusions
Autokinesis
static light will appear to move when stared at for several seconds in the dark
Visual Illusions
Size-distance illusion
stare at a point of light, it will appear to approach/recede rapidly
(change in the intensity of light)
Visual Illusions
Reversible perspective
aircraft may appear to be going away from you when it is actually approaching you at night
Visual Illusions
Flicker vertigo
flickering light constant frequency of 4-20x/sec may cause dizziness, nausea…
Landing Error Illusions
Runway width illusion
narrower-than-usual runway creates illusion that aircraft is at higher altitude than it actually is
(wider can cause opposite effect)
Landing Error Illusions
Runway & terrain slopes illusion
upsloping runway creates illusion that aircraft is at higher altitude than it actually is
Landing Error Illusions
Featureless terrain illusion
absence of ground features creates illusion that the aircraft is at higher altitude than it actually is
Landing Error Illusions
Atmospheric illusions
rain on windscreen can create illusion of greater height & atmospheric haze
Landing Error Illusions
Ground lighting illusions
lights along straight path (road) can be mistaken for runway approach lights
What are the 2 types of light-sensitive nerve endings located at the back of the retina? What do they do?
Cones & Rods
Transmit messages to the brain via the optic nerve
Cones
detect color, details, distant objects (day)
(outer retina)
Rods
detect objects, particularly those in motion, gray, peripheral (day & night)
(around the cones)
Fovea
where you vision is the sharpest
(small area directly behind retina)
Normal field of vision vs. fovea field of vision
Normal field of vision for each eye: 135º vertically, 160º horizontally
Fovea field of vision: 1º
How should you look at objects in daylight?
look directly at them
How should you look at objects in night?
off-center viewing
off-center viewing
looking side of an object & scan slowly
How can you adapt to night flying?
Avoid bright white lights at least 30min before night flying
What is the first part of body to suffer from low oxygen at high altitude?
eyes
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Colorless, odorless gas produced by all combustion engines
How can carbon monoxide enter the cabin?
Enter cabin through heater & defrost vents
What should you do if you detect carbon monoxide in the cabin?
- Turn off heater
- Open air vents/window
- Set supplemental oxygen to 100%
When is carbon monoxide at greatest danger?
winter months
(cabin heating & closed outside air vents)
Carbon monoxide poisoning symptoms?
Sluggishness, being too warm → headache, ringing in ears → dizziness, vision dimming → vomiting, coma…
Acceptable risk
identified risk that is allowed to persist without further action
Aeronautical decision making (ADM)
systematic approach to determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances
Attitude
personal predisposition to respond to persons
Automation management
ability to control & navigate aircraft by correctly managing its automated system
Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)
accident with airworthy aircraft under pilot control inadvertently flying into water, obstacle, or terrain
DECIDE model:
Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaltuae
Personality
personal traits & characteristics of an individual which are extremely resistant to change
Poor judgment (PJ) chain
one bad decision often leads to another
Risk
future impact of a hazard that is not eliminated
Single-pilot resource management (SRM)
ability of a pilot to manage all resources effectively to ensure successful flight
Situational awareness
knowledge of where the aircraft is (location)
Risk management
proactively identify safety-related hazards & mitigate risks
5 Bad attitudes
antiauthority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, resignation
Hazardous Attitude & Antidote
Antiauthority
Hazardous Attitude: don’t tell me
Antidote: Follow the rules. They are usually right.
Hazardous Attitude & Antidote
Impulsivity
Hazardous Attitude: Do something quickly.
Antidote: Not so fast. Think first.
Hazardous Attitude & Antidote
Invulnerability
Hazardous Attitude: It won’t happen to me.
Antidote: It could happen to me.
Hazardous Attitude & Antidote
Macho
Hazardous Attitude: I can do it.
Antidote: Taking changes is foolish.
Hazardous Attitude & Antidote
Resignation
Hazardous Attitude: What’s the use.
Antidote: I’m not helpless. I can make a difference.
Weather general rules
- Check current weather & forecast conditions throughout all flight
- Do not fly in/near thunderstorms
- Do not continue VFR in IFR conditions
- Do not proceed on top of a ceiling hoping to find a hole on the other end
A pilot making a blood donation in order to help a sick associate should be aware that for several weeks
A pilot making a blood donation in order to help a sick associate should be aware that for several week
Pilots are more subject to spatial disorientation if:
body signals are used to interpret flight attitude.
Susceptibility to carbon monoxide poisoning increases as
altitude increases
What is it often called when a pilot pushes his or her capabilities and the aircraft’s limits by trying to maintain visual contact with the terrain in low visibility and ceiling?
scud running
Anemic (hypemic) hypoxia has the same symptoms as hypoxic hypoxia, but it is most often a result of a
a leaking exhaust manifold.
What is it often called when a pilot pushes his or her capabilities and the aircraft’s limits by trying to maintain visual contact with the terrain in low visibility and ceiling?
scud running
What effect does haze have on the ability to see traffic or terrain features during flight?
All traffic or terrain features appear to be farther away than their actual distance.
Altitude-induced hypoxia is caused by what atmospheric condition?
Insufficient partial pressure of the inhaled oxygen.
A pilot making a blood donation in order to help a sick associate should be aware that for several weeks
sufficient oxygen may not reach the cells in the body.
Which is a common symptom of hyperventilation?
Tingling sensations.
Which would most likely result in hyperventilation?
Emotional tension, anxiety, or fear.
Anemic (hypemic) hypoxia has the same symptoms as hypoxic hypoxia, but it is most often a result of
a leaking exhaust manifold.
A pilot can expect a wind-shear zone in a temperature inversion whenever the wind speed at 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the surface is at least
25 kt
What are the processes by which moisture is added to unsaturated air?
Evaporation and sublimation.
How does frost affect the lifting surfaces of an airplane on takeoff?
Frost may prevent the airplane from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed.
Cumulus clouds often indicate
possible turbulence.
What would decrease the stability of an air mass?
warming from below
The mature stage of a thunderstorm begins with
the start of precipitation.
What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?
A stable layer of air.
When may hazardous wind shear be expected?
In areas of low-level temperature inversion, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence.
In which environment is aircraft structural ice most likely to have the highest accumulation rate?
Freezing rain.
Clouds with extensive vertical development over mountainous terrain are a sign of
.an unstable air mass.
Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?
Smooth air, poor visibility, fog, haze, or low clouds.
If an unstable air mass is forced upward, what type clouds can be expected?
Clouds with considerable vertical development and associated turbulence.
When may hazardous wind shear be expected?
In areas of low-level temperature inversion, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence.
What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?
A stable layer of air.
