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Flying – Knowledge Test > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Landing gear

A

supports airplane during landing & on ground

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2
Q

Fuselage

A

common attachment point for major structural units of airplane

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3
Q

Wings

A

airfoils attached to fuselage → main lifting surface

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4
Q

Engine

A

generates force that provides power to rotate propeller

displace air in opposite direction

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5
Q

Powerplant

A

engine & propeller (provides thrust to move)

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6
Q

Composite construction

A

materials never dissolve or merge together (more resistant)

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7
Q

3 primary axes of rotation

A

pitch, roll, yaw

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8
Q

Pitch is controlled by what?

A

Pitch = lateral

controlled by elevator

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9
Q

Roll is controlled by what?

A

Roll = longitudinal

Controlled by ailerons

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10
Q

Yaw is controlled by what?

A

Yaw = vertical

Controlled by rutter

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11
Q

Attitude

A

rotation about 3 primary axes

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12
Q

Primary flight controls

A

ailerons, elevator, rudder

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13
Q

Does flight control effectiveness increase or decrease with speed?

A

INCREASE b/c more air flow over surface of control device

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14
Q

Aileron

A

control roll

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15
Q

Empennage

A

tail section

consists of: stabilizers, rudder, elevator

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16
Q

Elevator

A

Changes pitch attitude about lateral axis

(located on fixed horizontal stabilizer)

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17
Q

Horizontal stabilizer

A

provides longitudinal (pitch) stability

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18
Q

Vertical stabilizer

A

provides directional stability

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19
Q

Stabilator

A

1 piece horizontal stabilizer & elevator

changes AOA

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20
Q

Canard

A

small horizontal wing located at the front of some planes (creates lift)

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21
Q

Rudder

A

used to control yaw

attached to vertical stabilizer (controlled by rudder pedals)

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22
Q

Secondary flight controls

A

flaps, spoilers, trim systems, leading edge devices

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23
Q

Wing flaps

A

increase lift & drag

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24
Q

What are the benefits of wing flaps?

A
  • Slower landing speed
  • Shorter takeoff/landing
  • Steeper angle descent
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25
Q

What are the benefits of spoilers and flaps?

A

increase rate of descent without increasing speed

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26
Q

Spoilers

A

high drag devices that disrupt smooth airflow over the wings

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27
Q

Trim systems

A

small airfoils attached to trailing edge of primary control surfaces

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28
Q

Trim tabs

A

neutralize control pressure

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29
Q

Antiverso tab

A

makes yoke less sensitive

(tab deflected into slipstream)

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30
Q

Basic forces

A

Lift, weight, thurst, drag

act on the airplane during all maneuvers

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31
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

A

high speed = low pressure

(wing camber design, lower pressure top above wing → generates lift)

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32
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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33
Q

Lift

A

(upward force)

produced by airfoil → acts perpendicular flight path

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34
Q

Weight

A

force caused by gravity

accelerates mass of airplane toward the Earth

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35
Q

Thrust

A

propeller acting as an airfoil

(|| longitudinal axis)

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36
Q

Drag

A

disruption of airflow by wing, fuselage

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37
Q

Induced drag

A

undesirable but inevitable by-product of lift

Pressure on lower surface wing > upper surface

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38
Q

Parasite drag

A

resistance of the air as airplane passes through it

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39
Q

Relationship between basic fores in steady, unaccelerated flight?

A

lift = weight

thrust = drag

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40
Q

airfoils

A

any surface designed to obtain desired reaction force when in motion

41
Q

camber

A

curvature of airfoil from leading edge to trailing edge

42
Q

Angle of attack (AOA)

A

angle between wing chord line & relative wind

42
Q

Angle of attack (AOA)

A

angle between wing chord line & relative wind

43
Q

Critical angle of attack

A

AOA that wing stalls (constant no matter weight, airspeed)

44
Q

Angle of incidence

A

angle wing is attached to fuselage

45
Q

Attitude

A

relationship of airplane to horizon (ie. pitch and bank angle)

46
Q

Center of gravity (CG)

A

point where airplane would balance

47
Q

Center of lift/pressure

A

point along chord line where are aerodynamic forces are concentrated

48
Q

Dihedral angle

A

angle wings slanted upward

49
Q

Relative wind

A

for airplane in flight flows || opposite direction of flight

(flight path determined direction not horizon)

50
Q

Stall

A

loss of lift & increase drag

occurs when AOA > critical AOA

51
Q

Sweepback

A

angle wings slanted rearward

52
Q

Washout

A

wing design

angle incidence wingtip > root

53
Q

Wing platform

A

shape/form wing (viewed from above)

54
Q

Wingspan

A

max distance from wingtip to wingtip

55
Q

As airspeed decreases, AOA ? causing induced drag ? parasite drag ?

A

Decrease airspeed = increase AOA

Causing increase induced drag, decrease parasite drag

56
Q

What does changing power do?

A

varies relationship of thrust to drag

(allowing airplane change airspeed altitude)

57
Q

What does changing AOA do?

A

varies lift & drag

58
Q

Why doesn’t altitude affect stall speed?

A

airspeed indicator directectly related to air density

59
Q

Relationship between flaps & stall speed?

A

flaps increase lift, thus decrease stall speed

60
Q

Relationship between load factor & stall speed?

A

Stall speed proportional square root of load factor

61
Q

Other factors that influence stall speed

A

weight, snow, turbulence, spins

62
Q

How to recover from a stall?

A
  • move elevator control forward
  • apply max power (increase airspeed)

(goal = decrease AOA)

63
Q

Spin

A

aggravated stall results in autorotation (corkscrew down path)

64
Q

Spin recovery

A

PARE

  • Power to idle
  • Aileron to neutral
  • Rudder opposite of rotation
  • Elevator input forward of neutral
65
Q

Ground effect

A

interference of ground surface with airflow around plane

66
Q

Relationship between ground effect & AOA?

How should ground effect be taken into account during takeoffs/landings?

A

required smaller AOA to produce same lift coeff.

Aircraft may become airborne with insufficient speed → it will fall back down to runway

67
Q

What makes an airplane turn?

A

Horizontal component of lift makes planes turn

(counteracts centrifugal force)

68
Q

Inertia

A

moving objects continue straight in same direction

69
Q

Adverse Yaw

A

lowered aileron produced more lift than raised aileron

70
Q

How to counteract adverse yaw?

A

apply RUDDER pressure

71
Q

What do stable planes do?

A

return to original position after being disturbed

(easier to fly)

72
Q

static stability

A

initial tendency of airplane after equilibrium is distrubed

73
Q

dynamic stability

A

overall tendency of airplane after equilibrium is distrubed

74
Q

What is the most desirable combination of stability?

A

positive static stability & positive dynamic stability

75
Q

What determines longitudinal stability?

A

location CG with respect to CL

(closer CG is to CL = less stable)

76
Q

Lateral stability

A

stabilize rolling effect when one wing gets lower than other

77
Q

Controllability

A

aircraft’s ability to respond to pilot input

78
Q

Maneuverability

A

ability to be operated easily & withstand stress

79
Q

Torque effect

A

left turning tendency

80
Q

How to correct torque effect?

A

right rudder pressure

81
Q

When is torque effect the greatest?

A

low airspeed

high AOA

high power

(ie. takeoff)

82
Q

What causes torque effect?

A

Torque reaction, corkscrew, gyroscopic action, p-factor

83
Q

Load factor

A

Additional weight carried by wings due to plane’s weight + centrifugal force

84
Q

Load factor equation

A

Load factor = total load / total weight

85
Q

How does load factor effect stall speed, AOA, and bank angle?

A

Higher load factor =

higher stall speed, higher AOA, higher bank angle

85
Q

How does load factor effect stall speed, AOA, and bank angle?

A

Higher load factor =

higher stall speed, higher AOA, higher bank angle

86
Q

Relationship btw stall speed and load factor?

A

Stall speed increases proportionally to square root of load factor

87
Q

Design maneuvering speed (VA)

A

max speed at which max load can be imposed without structural damage

(Approx 1.7x stall speed)

88
Q

V-G diagram

A

graphic representation of operating limitations

89
Q

VNE

A

never exceed speed

(structural damage)

90
Q

Does the AOA at which an airplane wing stalls depend on gross weight?

A

no! AOA stall remains the same regardless of gross weight

91
Q

The amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing of an airplane depends upon the ___

A

speed of the airplane

92
Q

An airplane has been loaded in such a manner that the CG is located aft of the aft CG limit. One undesirable flight characteristic a pilot might experience with this airplane would be

A

difficulty in recovering from stalled condition

93
Q

An airplane loaded with the Center of Gravity (CG) rear of the aft CG limit could

A

increase the likelihood of inadvertent overstress.

94
Q

An aircraft leaving ground effect during takeoff will

A

experience an increase in induced drag and a decrease in performance.

95
Q

The left turning tendency of an airplane caused by P-factor is the result of the

A

propeller blade descending on the right, producing more thrust than the ascending blade on the left.

96
Q

What causes an airplane (except a T-tail) to pitch nosedown when power is reduced and controls are not adjusted?

A

The downwash on the elevators from the propeller slipstream is reduced and elevator effectiveness is reduced.

Flying – Knowledge Test (13 decks)

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