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AP HUG > unit 6 > Flashcards

unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

site factors

A

site = physical location. ex. climate, water availability, soil quality, etc

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2
Q

situation factors

A

situation = relative location of a place compared to other places

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3
Q

urbanization

A

process of developing towns and cities. greatest increase in urban population is in developing countries at the moment

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4
Q

suburbanization

A

process of people moving from cities to residential areas just outside of the city

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5
Q

megacity

A

cities with a population of over 10 million

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6
Q

metacity

A

cities with population over 20 million. consist of clusters of megacities

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7
Q

periphery

A

countries with low standard of living, low per capita income, low economic productivity

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8
Q

semiperiphery

A

countries that are more developed than periphery but less developed than core

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9
Q

sprawl

A

city or suburbs expanding to allow for additional population growth; takes over the surrounding land

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10
Q

decentralization

A

when more people, industry, money, and power move away from the city

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11
Q

edge cities

A

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

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12
Q

exurbs

A

prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs

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13
Q

boomburbs

A

rapidly growing suburban cities that represent a new metropolitan form

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14
Q

globalization

A

integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a global scale

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15
Q

world cities, global cities

A

a city that has influence on a global scale, not just within its region

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16
Q

urban hierarchy

A

ranking of settlements or cities based on their size and economic function

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17
Q

networks, linkages

A

a set of interconnected entities or nodes without a center or hierarchy

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18
Q

rank size rule

A

describes a way that the sizes of cities within a region may develop; the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city

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19
Q

primary city, primate city

A

when the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the second largest city

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20
Q

gravity model

A

states that places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than those that are small and far apart

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21
Q

central place theory

A

the distribution of cities and cervices is based on size

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22
Q

burgess concentric zone model

A

relationship of socioeconomic status and distance from the CBD. ring 1: CBD, 2. zone of transition. 3. working class zone. 4. residential zone. 5. commuter zone.

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23
Q

hoyt sector model

A

modified burgess model. instead of circular zones, the wedge like sectors follow major transportation routes. low income near industry.

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24
Q

multiple nuclei model

A

downtown CBD is no longer core of only business land use. metro areas develop edge cities

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25
Q

galactic city model

A

spread of cities outward from the CBD. leads to declining inner city. includes edge cities

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26
Q

latin american city model

A

housing quality decreases as you get further from the city center. poverty, lack of infrastructure, shantytowns, barrios/favelas (lots of poverty, homelessness, + crime), disamenity zones (not connected to services)

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27
Q

southeast asian city model

A

focus on former colonial port zone; includes gov’t zone. history of chinese immigration, so many of these cities have a 2nd commercial zone based on chinese businesses. secondary sector is increasing, so industrial zones are emerging in many cities.

28
Q

african city model

A

signs of colonization; traditional CBD + colonial CBD. informal squatter settlements on the periphery. informal economy thrives (think periodic markets)

29
Q

bid rent theory

A

what is the bidder willing to pay to be in the right location for their needs

30
Q

residential density gradient

A

high density=close to the CBD. medium=further away, getting into the suburbs. low=far away from CBD; rural areas. bid rent theory/curve + burgess model help to explain this pattern of urban land use

31
Q

infilling

A

infilling occurs where open space presents an economic opportunity for landowners to build small multi-family housing units, placing more people into existing city blocks.

32
Q

infrastructure

A

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

33
Q

sustainability

A

ability of an industry to be profitable enough to support itself but not hinder the potential future industries

34
Q

zoning ordinances

A

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used

35
Q

mixed land use

A

mix of residential and commercial land uses instead of a clear separation

36
Q

walkability

A

ability of a city to sustain people without using cars

37
Q

transportation oriented development

A

maximizes amount of residential, business, and leisure space within walking distance of public transport

38
Q

smart growth

A

set of policies to presurve farmland and other open, undeveloped spaces near a city

39
Q

new urbanism, urban revitalization

A

a movement seeking to reduce sprawl, increase affordable housing, + create vibrant walkable neighborhoods

40
Q

greenbelts

A

areas of undeveloped land around cities

41
Q

slow growth cities

A

cities with smart growth policies in place

42
Q

livability

A

an equitable distribution of housing, jobs, health care, education and respect.

43
Q

de facto segregation

A

segregation that is technically against the law but the citizens still do it

44
Q

qualatative data

A

data that’s descriptive and conceptual. ex. field studies and narratives

45
Q

quantatative data

A

data that can be counted, measured. ex. census and survey data

46
Q

survey data

A

the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions

47
Q

housing discrimination

A

when realtors and/or banks refuse to give someone a loan/show them houses in a certain area because of their race/ethnicity

48
Q

redlining

A

a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, real estate agencies, etc., refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas

49
Q

blockbusting

A

people of one ethnic group are frightened to selling their homes at a low price when they hear that a family of ethnic population are moving into the neighborhood

50
Q

affordability

A

one with housing that the general public can afford

51
Q

access to services

A

low-income (and therefore low tax) areas do not usually have as many amenities and services

52
Q

disamenity zones, zones of abandonment

A

the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs

53
Q

squatter settlements

A

general term to encompass low-quality housing, occupied by the poor, usually on the periphery of cities

54
Q

inclusionary zoning

A

local policies that tap the economic gains from rising real estate values to create affordable housing

55
Q

local food movements

A

local food is food that is produced within a short distance of where it is consumed

56
Q

food deserts

A

areas without easy access to healthy food

57
Q

urban renewal, redevelopment

A

renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up

58
Q

gentrification

A

the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process.

59
Q

suburban sprawl

A

development of suburbs at relatively low density + at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area

60
Q

cities and climate change

A

cities are a key contributor to climate change, as urban activities are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions

61
Q

cities and air/water quality

A

cities are notorious for polluting the water and air

62
Q

ecological footprint

A

tracks the use of productive surface areas–how are cities using their resources?

63
Q

brownfields

A

a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination.

64
Q

urban growth boundaries

A

separates urban areas from the surrounding natural and agricultural lands, or greenbelts

65
Q

farmland protection policies

A

discourages federal activities that would convert farmland to nonagricultural purposes

AP HUG (14 decks)

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