unit 6 Flashcards
site factors
site = physical location. ex. climate, water availability, soil quality, etc
situation factors
situation = relative location of a place compared to other places
urbanization
process of developing towns and cities. greatest increase in urban population is in developing countries at the moment
suburbanization
process of people moving from cities to residential areas just outside of the city
megacity
cities with a population of over 10 million
metacity
cities with population over 20 million. consist of clusters of megacities
periphery
countries with low standard of living, low per capita income, low economic productivity
semiperiphery
countries that are more developed than periphery but less developed than core
sprawl
city or suburbs expanding to allow for additional population growth; takes over the surrounding land
decentralization
when more people, industry, money, and power move away from the city
edge cities
nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities
exurbs
prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs
boomburbs
rapidly growing suburban cities that represent a new metropolitan form
globalization
integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a global scale
world cities, global cities
a city that has influence on a global scale, not just within its region
urban hierarchy
ranking of settlements or cities based on their size and economic function
networks, linkages
a set of interconnected entities or nodes without a center or hierarchy
rank size rule
describes a way that the sizes of cities within a region may develop; the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city
primary city, primate city
when the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the second largest city
gravity model
states that places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than those that are small and far apart
central place theory
the distribution of cities and cervices is based on size
burgess concentric zone model
relationship of socioeconomic status and distance from the CBD. ring 1: CBD, 2. zone of transition. 3. working class zone. 4. residential zone. 5. commuter zone.
hoyt sector model
modified burgess model. instead of circular zones, the wedge like sectors follow major transportation routes. low income near industry.
multiple nuclei model
downtown CBD is no longer core of only business land use. metro areas develop edge cities
galactic city model
spread of cities outward from the CBD. leads to declining inner city. includes edge cities
latin american city model
housing quality decreases as you get further from the city center. poverty, lack of infrastructure, shantytowns, barrios/favelas (lots of poverty, homelessness, + crime), disamenity zones (not connected to services)
southeast asian city model
focus on former colonial port zone; includes gov’t zone. history of chinese immigration, so many of these cities have a 2nd commercial zone based on chinese businesses. secondary sector is increasing, so industrial zones are emerging in many cities.
african city model
signs of colonization; traditional CBD + colonial CBD. informal squatter settlements on the periphery. informal economy thrives (think periodic markets)
bid rent theory
what is the bidder willing to pay to be in the right location for their needs
residential density gradient
high density=close to the CBD. medium=further away, getting into the suburbs. low=far away from CBD; rural areas. bid rent theory/curve + burgess model help to explain this pattern of urban land use
infilling
infilling occurs where open space presents an economic opportunity for landowners to build small multi-family housing units, placing more people into existing city blocks.
infrastructure
the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
sustainability
ability of an industry to be profitable enough to support itself but not hinder the potential future industries
zoning ordinances
regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used
mixed land use
mix of residential and commercial land uses instead of a clear separation
walkability
ability of a city to sustain people without using cars
transportation oriented development
maximizes amount of residential, business, and leisure space within walking distance of public transport
smart growth
set of policies to presurve farmland and other open, undeveloped spaces near a city
new urbanism, urban revitalization
a movement seeking to reduce sprawl, increase affordable housing, + create vibrant walkable neighborhoods
greenbelts
areas of undeveloped land around cities
slow growth cities
cities with smart growth policies in place
livability
an equitable distribution of housing, jobs, health care, education and respect.
de facto segregation
segregation that is technically against the law but the citizens still do it
qualatative data
data that’s descriptive and conceptual. ex. field studies and narratives
quantatative data
data that can be counted, measured. ex. census and survey data
survey data
the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions
housing discrimination
when realtors and/or banks refuse to give someone a loan/show them houses in a certain area because of their race/ethnicity
redlining
a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, real estate agencies, etc., refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas
blockbusting
people of one ethnic group are frightened to selling their homes at a low price when they hear that a family of ethnic population are moving into the neighborhood
affordability
one with housing that the general public can afford
access to services
low-income (and therefore low tax) areas do not usually have as many amenities and services
disamenity zones, zones of abandonment
the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs
squatter settlements
general term to encompass low-quality housing, occupied by the poor, usually on the periphery of cities
inclusionary zoning
local policies that tap the economic gains from rising real estate values to create affordable housing
local food movements
local food is food that is produced within a short distance of where it is consumed
food deserts
areas without easy access to healthy food
urban renewal, redevelopment
renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up
gentrification
the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process.
suburban sprawl
development of suburbs at relatively low density + at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area
cities and climate change
cities are a key contributor to climate change, as urban activities are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions
cities and air/water quality
cities are notorious for polluting the water and air
ecological footprint
tracks the use of productive surface areas–how are cities using their resources?
brownfields
a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination.
urban growth boundaries
separates urban areas from the surrounding natural and agricultural lands, or greenbelts
farmland protection policies
discourages federal activities that would convert farmland to nonagricultural purposes
