unit 5 Flashcards
mediterranean climate
hot dry summers, cool wet winters. always next to a sea
tropical climate
high temperatures year round. dry and wet season
intensive farming
farmers work intensively on small pieces of land. almost all available land is used. occurs when land is scarce and expensive
market gardening/commercial gardening/truck farming
foods that are in demand are grown and sold in large quantities. farms usually specialize in a few crops
extensive farming
occurs when land is plentiful and cheap. usually livestock ranching, pastoral nomadism, shifting cultivation
shifting cultivation
people shift between fields. slash and burn, constant relocation. extensive.
transhumance
seasonal migration of livestock between areas
nomadic herding, pastoral nomadism
herding domesticated animals in dry, nonarable areas. people move with the animals
ranching
grazing of aminals over large area for $
clustered land use pattern
groups of houses clustered together
dispersed land use pattern
houses spread out
linear land use pattern
houses arranged in a line facing a waterway or other transportation method
metes and bounds rural survey pattern
used for plot boundaries that match up with physical features like trees and streams.
township and range rural survey pattern
used for plot boundaries. gov’t divides land up into townships (6x6 mi). townships are divided into sections of 1sqmi each
long lot rural survey pattern
land divided into long, narrow strips
1st AG revolution, neolithic revolution
first time plants and animals were domesticated for farming purposes
hearths of domestication
areas in which AG first originated. differs in crop production between places
columbian exchange
trade of food, people, animals, tech between europe and western hemisphere
second AG revolution
advances in transportation, large scale irrigation, changes in consumption patterns of agriculture
impacts of 2nd AG revolution
tech advances, land use and farming advances, AG practice changes
green revolution, 3rd AG revolution
advances in plant biology during the later half of the 20th century. mechanization, synthetic fertilizers, globally widespread food manufacturing
high yield seeds
seeds that produce more in a growing season than wild varieties. often GMO
mechanized farming
replacement of human labor with machines. led to more production, less need for labor intensive practices
positive impacts of green revolution
more global food production (less hunger, less death, more population). fertilizers and irrigation, which are good for environment in moderation
negative impacts of green revolution
women mostly not given new tech, damaging their role in many societies. chemicals used to grow the food can be harmful for humans. reduces organic nutrients in the soil. unsustainable new farming methods. lots of pollution
subsistence AG
farmers eat the food they grow. usually manual labor. found mostly in developing countries
commercial AG
farmers raise one crop and sell for profit. mainly in developed countries. designed with the intent to make as much $ as possible
monocropping, monoculture
farmers raise the same cash crop on lots of land year after year
bid rent theory
land further away from market costs less. closer to market costs more
family farms
found mostly in developing countries. cannot compete with commercial farms bc lack of $ for machinery
commodity chains
process of gathering resources, making them into products (commodities), transporting them to consumers
economies of scale
cost advantages for a company when production becomes efficient
agricultural sector
areas used primarily for growing crops, raising animals, harvesting fish
carrying capacity
number of crops/people an area can support
transportation costs
major factor in where each kind of production is located. farmers will locate where it’s most cost efficient
market center in von thunen model
urban area, city, market. where people live, work, and AG products are sold
ring 1 in von thunen model
horticulture (market gardening; fruits, vegetables, flowers), dairy farming
ring 2 in von thunen model
forestry. von thunen model was developed before widespread use of coal, so this was in high demand.
ring 3 in von thunen model
extensive grains and field crops. large scale farms.
ring 4 in von thunen model
extensive ranching and grazing.
benefits of von thunen model
as long as modern tech factors are taken into account, is still applicable to today.
limitations of von thunen model
developed before widespread use of coal. did not take into account physical features, which alters where locations will be. could be multiple markets
global supply chain
system of resources, transportation, consumer, etc. on a global scale
export commodities
trades/products exported by a country
cool chains
transportation networks that allow food to stay cool and unspoiled throughout the trip
global food distribution
food distributed on a global scale. causes interdependence between countries
agricultural pollution
overuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics
land cover change
loss of natural areas due to human impact or climate
desertification
land degradation (most commonly in dry areas). usually due to human impact or climate.
soil salinization
too much salt in the soil (usually from excessive irrigation), which negatively affects plant growth
AG land conservation
conserving land by minimizing overgrazing, overuse of chemicals, etc
slash and burn
all plants are cut down and burned in an area. ash adds some nutrients and land is farmed until nutrients are depleted
terrace farming
farmers build steps into a hill, which helps sustain crops and reduces soil erosion. can cause mudslides
irrigation
altering the path of natural waterways to serve agricultural needs
deforestation
removal of lots of trees in a naturally forested area
draining wetlands
water from naturally occurring wetlands drained for AG purposes
biotechnology
science of engineering/modifying living organisms. gmos, vaccines, antibiotics
aquaculture
practice of raising and harvesting fish/other water living food
sustainability
accomplishing needs of the present without hindering future populations
urban farming
growing food in a city or heavily populated town
community supported agriculture
local farmers sell shares of their crop to those contracted to buy throughout the year
organic agriculture
farming that does not use chemical substances
value added specialty crops
products are manufactured to add value, ex. wheat to flour
fair trade
movement to support growers of food instead of the corporations that manage the trade
luxury crops
crops nonessential to survival but have a high profit margin (worth a lot of $) ex. cacao
food insecurity
when one does not have access to safe, healthy food
food deserts
an area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food
CAFO
concentrated animal feeding operations. goal to make animals gain fat before they’re killed
animal waste
waste from feedlots can pollute the air and water supply
distribution systems
roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc
gov’t policies related to agriculture
public support to farmers ensuring they have dependable low cost food. ex. subsidies
women and agriculture
if women were giving the same AG opportunities as men, there would be a lot more food
