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AP HUG > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

mediterranean climate

A

hot dry summers, cool wet winters. always next to a sea

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2
Q

tropical climate

A

high temperatures year round. dry and wet season

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3
Q

intensive farming

A

farmers work intensively on small pieces of land. almost all available land is used. occurs when land is scarce and expensive

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4
Q

market gardening/commercial gardening/truck farming

A

foods that are in demand are grown and sold in large quantities. farms usually specialize in a few crops

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5
Q

extensive farming

A

occurs when land is plentiful and cheap. usually livestock ranching, pastoral nomadism, shifting cultivation

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6
Q

shifting cultivation

A

people shift between fields. slash and burn, constant relocation. extensive.

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7
Q

transhumance

A

seasonal migration of livestock between areas

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8
Q

nomadic herding, pastoral nomadism

A

herding domesticated animals in dry, nonarable areas. people move with the animals

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9
Q

ranching

A

grazing of aminals over large area for $

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10
Q

clustered land use pattern

A

groups of houses clustered together

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11
Q

dispersed land use pattern

A

houses spread out

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12
Q

linear land use pattern

A

houses arranged in a line facing a waterway or other transportation method

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13
Q

metes and bounds rural survey pattern

A

used for plot boundaries that match up with physical features like trees and streams.

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14
Q

township and range rural survey pattern

A

used for plot boundaries. gov’t divides land up into townships (6x6 mi). townships are divided into sections of 1sqmi each

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15
Q

long lot rural survey pattern

A

land divided into long, narrow strips

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16
Q

1st AG revolution, neolithic revolution

A

first time plants and animals were domesticated for farming purposes

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17
Q

hearths of domestication

A

areas in which AG first originated. differs in crop production between places

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18
Q

columbian exchange

A

trade of food, people, animals, tech between europe and western hemisphere

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19
Q

second AG revolution

A

advances in transportation, large scale irrigation, changes in consumption patterns of agriculture

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20
Q

impacts of 2nd AG revolution

A

tech advances, land use and farming advances, AG practice changes

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21
Q

green revolution, 3rd AG revolution

A

advances in plant biology during the later half of the 20th century. mechanization, synthetic fertilizers, globally widespread food manufacturing

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22
Q

high yield seeds

A

seeds that produce more in a growing season than wild varieties. often GMO

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23
Q

mechanized farming

A

replacement of human labor with machines. led to more production, less need for labor intensive practices

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24
Q

positive impacts of green revolution

A

more global food production (less hunger, less death, more population). fertilizers and irrigation, which are good for environment in moderation

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25
Q

negative impacts of green revolution

A

women mostly not given new tech, damaging their role in many societies. chemicals used to grow the food can be harmful for humans. reduces organic nutrients in the soil. unsustainable new farming methods. lots of pollution

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26
Q

subsistence AG

A

farmers eat the food they grow. usually manual labor. found mostly in developing countries

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27
Q

commercial AG

A

farmers raise one crop and sell for profit. mainly in developed countries. designed with the intent to make as much $ as possible

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28
Q

monocropping, monoculture

A

farmers raise the same cash crop on lots of land year after year

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29
Q

bid rent theory

A

land further away from market costs less. closer to market costs more

30
Q

family farms

A

found mostly in developing countries. cannot compete with commercial farms bc lack of $ for machinery

31
Q

commodity chains

A

process of gathering resources, making them into products (commodities), transporting them to consumers

32
Q

economies of scale

A

cost advantages for a company when production becomes efficient

33
Q

agricultural sector

A

areas used primarily for growing crops, raising animals, harvesting fish

34
Q

carrying capacity

A

number of crops/people an area can support

35
Q

transportation costs

A

major factor in where each kind of production is located. farmers will locate where it’s most cost efficient

36
Q

market center in von thunen model

A

urban area, city, market. where people live, work, and AG products are sold

37
Q

ring 1 in von thunen model

A

horticulture (market gardening; fruits, vegetables, flowers), dairy farming

38
Q

ring 2 in von thunen model

A

forestry. von thunen model was developed before widespread use of coal, so this was in high demand.

39
Q

ring 3 in von thunen model

A

extensive grains and field crops. large scale farms.

40
Q

ring 4 in von thunen model

A

extensive ranching and grazing.

41
Q

benefits of von thunen model

A

as long as modern tech factors are taken into account, is still applicable to today.

42
Q

limitations of von thunen model

A

developed before widespread use of coal. did not take into account physical features, which alters where locations will be. could be multiple markets

43
Q

global supply chain

A

system of resources, transportation, consumer, etc. on a global scale

44
Q

export commodities

A

trades/products exported by a country

45
Q

cool chains

A

transportation networks that allow food to stay cool and unspoiled throughout the trip

46
Q

global food distribution

A

food distributed on a global scale. causes interdependence between countries

47
Q

agricultural pollution

A

overuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics

48
Q

land cover change

A

loss of natural areas due to human impact or climate

49
Q

desertification

A

land degradation (most commonly in dry areas). usually due to human impact or climate.

50
Q

soil salinization

A

too much salt in the soil (usually from excessive irrigation), which negatively affects plant growth

51
Q

AG land conservation

A

conserving land by minimizing overgrazing, overuse of chemicals, etc

52
Q

slash and burn

A

all plants are cut down and burned in an area. ash adds some nutrients and land is farmed until nutrients are depleted

53
Q

terrace farming

A

farmers build steps into a hill, which helps sustain crops and reduces soil erosion. can cause mudslides

54
Q

irrigation

A

altering the path of natural waterways to serve agricultural needs

55
Q

deforestation

A

removal of lots of trees in a naturally forested area

56
Q

draining wetlands

A

water from naturally occurring wetlands drained for AG purposes

57
Q

biotechnology

A

science of engineering/modifying living organisms. gmos, vaccines, antibiotics

58
Q

aquaculture

A

practice of raising and harvesting fish/other water living food

59
Q

sustainability

A

accomplishing needs of the present without hindering future populations

60
Q

urban farming

A

growing food in a city or heavily populated town

61
Q

community supported agriculture

A

local farmers sell shares of their crop to those contracted to buy throughout the year

62
Q

organic agriculture

A

farming that does not use chemical substances

63
Q

value added specialty crops

A

products are manufactured to add value, ex. wheat to flour

64
Q

fair trade

A

movement to support growers of food instead of the corporations that manage the trade

65
Q

luxury crops

A

crops nonessential to survival but have a high profit margin (worth a lot of $) ex. cacao

66
Q

food insecurity

A

when one does not have access to safe, healthy food

67
Q

food deserts

A

an area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food

68
Q

CAFO

A

concentrated animal feeding operations. goal to make animals gain fat before they’re killed

69
Q

animal waste

A

waste from feedlots can pollute the air and water supply

70
Q

distribution systems

A

roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc

71
Q

gov’t policies related to agriculture

A

public support to farmers ensuring they have dependable low cost food. ex. subsidies

72
Q

women and agriculture

A

if women were giving the same AG opportunities as men, there would be a lot more food

AP HUG (14 decks)

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